Mohammad Reza topa esfandiyari; Mohammad Talaei poor; Habibollah Khademi Eslam; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie; behzad baziyar
Abstract
This study uses soda lignin to modify it with furfural as adhesive on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood Poplar wood. Producing plywood, pure Lignin (L.100%), lignin-furfural 30% (L.70-F.30), lignin- furfural 60% (L.40-F.60) were used as the adhesive at three different levels ( 120 140 ...
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This study uses soda lignin to modify it with furfural as adhesive on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood Poplar wood. Producing plywood, pure Lignin (L.100%), lignin-furfural 30% (L.70-F.30), lignin- furfural 60% (L.40-F.60) were used as the adhesive at three different levels ( 120 140 160gm2) accompanied with ammonium chloride (1%) as the hardener and wheat flour (30%) as the filler based on the dry weight of the adhesive. Plates made with urea formaldehyde resin at 160 g/m2 were produced as control samples. characteristics of adhesives included solid material percentage, viscosity, specific weight and PH were measured. After producing the laboratory boards, the physical and mechanical properties of samples, such as thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of being soaked in water, shear strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity were measured. The results indicate that independent and interactive effects of adhesive and its consumption level on the physical and mechanical properties of plywood are not statistically significant. And in all cases, the control boards had better properties than the lignin adhesives
Pulp and paper
zahra takzare; kermanian hossein; omid ramezani; Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody; Ali Abdolkhani
Abstract
In this study, the liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been extracted in the Liquorice factory of Kerman, supplied as raw material. The above mentioned waste, after pre-hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid 2% at 130 °C in 60 minutes, is cooked at temperatures of 170 ̊C, the chemicals charge of 20%, ...
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In this study, the liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been extracted in the Liquorice factory of Kerman, supplied as raw material. The above mentioned waste, after pre-hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid 2% at 130 °C in 60 minutes, is cooked at temperatures of 170 ̊C, the chemicals charge of 20%, and in four times 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes and rate of liquor to waste 7:1 in Soda process. Obtained Soda pulps were evaluated in yield, lignin percentage, water retention value (WRV), viscosity and crystallinity. Results showed that by prolonging of cooking time, pulp yield and lignin percentage were decreased and WRV increased. Also, pulp viscosity in 30, 45 min was increased by increasing in cooking time that according to other results, it seems that it is false viscosity. In addition, accordance with characterizing of samples by XRD, by progressive cooking time from 15 to 45 min, sample crystallinity decreased and in 60 min its value is increased. According to the pulps viscosity and downward trend of lignin removal with progressive cooking time, this addition can be due to crystallization of hemicellulose like xylan on the crystalline zone of cellulose chain. Therefore, according to the results and based on Bio-refinery concept, cooking time 30 min suggested as the best option for production of high value-added products in saccharification process.
Chemistry of wood
Soheil pourmahmoudi; Iman Torabi vostikulaee; Elham Omidbakhsh Amiri
Abstract
Mazandaran wood and paper industry is known as the largest manufacturer of paper in the Middle East. Black liquor is liquid product of pulp cooking chemical process, which is much polluted because of some organic and inorganic compounds. So, chemical and energy recovery of black liquor are one of the ...
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Mazandaran wood and paper industry is known as the largest manufacturer of paper in the Middle East. Black liquor is liquid product of pulp cooking chemical process, which is much polluted because of some organic and inorganic compounds. So, chemical and energy recovery of black liquor are one of the interesting studies. There are different ways for this one among them concentration method of liquor is used in Mazandaran wood and paper industry. In this work, Condensing unit of liquor was simulated by Hysys software. Then, simulation results were compared with factory data and acceptable results were obtained. In the next step, the effect of operating conditions of the two main feed streams was studied. The results showed that with increasing of dilute liquor temperature, concentration of output liquor flow increases as per 40°C increasing of temperature, almost 28 percent of the condensed value increases. Also, by 10 kPa increasing of the dilute liquor pressure, approximately 39% of condensed value decreases. By increasing the pressure and flow rate of steam, concentration of output liquor somewhat increases, while, this increasing for flow rate, is initially steep and then less steep. The effect of steam temperature on the concentration of output liquor at different pressures must be checked individually.
Chemistry of wood
Mehdi Abdolahi; Said amir Mosavian; Akbar Varamsh; Amin Asadi
Abstract
In this research, two types of lignin, i.e. one extracted from industrial waste water of the Iran wood and paper (choka) factory as black liquor and another provided from Aldrich company, were studied. Firstly, the lignin was precipitated from its black liquor by a dilute acid and was then purified by ...
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In this research, two types of lignin, i.e. one extracted from industrial waste water of the Iran wood and paper (choka) factory as black liquor and another provided from Aldrich company, were studied. Firstly, the lignin was precipitated from its black liquor by a dilute acid and was then purified by dissolving in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Lignin samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopies. It was found from results that the Aldrich lignin has a structure similar with the lignosulfonate while lignin extracted from black liquor does not have a hydrophilic sulfonate group and has a Kraft lignin structure. Using acetylation of Kraft lignin and complementary characterization with 1HNMR spectroscopy, the ratio of hydroxyl functional groups to methoxy groups was calculated to be 1.11 to 1, and amount of the hydroxyl groups was calculated to be 5.91 mmol/g of acetylated lignin, where 53% of the hydroxyl groups is related to the aromatic hydroxyl groups. By having the molecular weight of the Kraft lignin which was obtained from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of the acetylated Kraft lignin to be 1260 g/mol, average number of the hydroxyl groups per acetylated lignin chain was calculated to be 7.44.
Porya Rezaei niaraki; Ahmad Jahan Latibari; Azhang Tajadini; Mehran Roohnia
Abstract
The influence of fiber lignin content and the dosage of coupling agent on the strength and physical properties of cellulosic fiber-polypropylene composite were investigated. The old corrugated container (OCC) fibers were delignified using sodium hydroxide to reach the lignin content of 2.7, 3.78, 5.26 ...
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The influence of fiber lignin content and the dosage of coupling agent on the strength and physical properties of cellulosic fiber-polypropylene composite were investigated. The old corrugated container (OCC) fibers were delignified using sodium hydroxide to reach the lignin content of 2.7, 3.78, 5.26 and 7%. Fibers were compounded with polypropylene by extrusion process using 20% fibers and 77% PP and the extrudate was cooled and grinded to fine granulates before injection molding. MAPP coupling agent was applied at three different levels (1, 2 and 3 percent based on the total weight of the composite). The strength properties of the composites were measured using relevant ASTM test methods and the results were statistically analyzed using factorial experiment under complete randomized design. The impact of fiber lignin content of flexural strength of composite was statistically significant at 98 percent significance level and the lowest and highest values of flexural strength of composite were measured at 3.78 percent and 7 percent lignin content of fiber. The interactive effect of fiber lignin and MAPP on the tensile strength and flexural modulus of elasticity of the composite showed that at lower values of lignin and higher dosage of MAPP, these properties are 38.7 and 3438 MPa respectively. Other strength values of the composites were also improved and at lower content of lignin and increaing dosages of the MAPP, the impact strength of the composites was increased from 52.82 J/m to 60.26 J/m.
Asghar Tabei; Reza Solhnejad; Arash Farajpoor Roodsari
Abstract
This study lignin from unbleached hardwoods chemimechanical pulp was extracted and the chromophor functional groups of the lignin were studied. Acetylation and reduction treatments were perfomed and samples were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. A mild acidic dioxin extraction method was employed to isolate ...
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This study lignin from unbleached hardwoods chemimechanical pulp was extracted and the chromophor functional groups of the lignin were studied. Acetylation and reduction treatments were perfomed and samples were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. A mild acidic dioxin extraction method was employed to isolate lignin. For the acetylation and reduction treatments of lignin acetic acid and sodium borohydride were used respectively. The results of untreated and treated (acetylated and reduced) lignin spectra showed that, the major of lignin chromophor groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups have been reduced or eliminated by these treatments. In the acetylated lignin, the absorption band of hydroxyl groups has been weakened and in the 1743.16 Cm-1 region, acetoxy compounds band has appeared and also a cluster absorption band was observed in the 1228.76 Cm-1 region. In the reduced lignin, most of the absorption bands of the carbonyl groups have been weakened or eliminated, especially in the 1705.56 and 1629.54 Cm-1 region.
Chemistry of wood
Sayed ahmad Mirshokraei; Ali Abdolkhani; Alinaghi Karimi
Abstract
In this paper, a novel enzymatic method was evaluated for isolation and purification of wood lignin. The chemical structure of enzymatic lignin (Cellulytic lignin) was compared with conventional Bjorkman method (Milled wood lignin). The chemical structure elucidation was performed ...
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In this paper, a novel enzymatic method was evaluated for isolation and purification of wood lignin. The chemical structure of enzymatic lignin (Cellulytic lignin) was compared with conventional Bjorkman method (Milled wood lignin). The chemical structure elucidation was performed with FTIR, quantative 13CNMR, basic elemental analysis and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The results showed that enzymatic lignin preparation has a better chemical structure than MWL. Comparing to conventional isolation methods, application of an enzyme sequence with reduced milling time could lead to a mild extraction with less structural degradation of lignin. Resulting lignin could be more representative for wood lignin than milled wood lignin.
Saeideh Sharifi; Jalil Roshanasan; Sayed zya aldin Hosseini
Abstract
Okaliptus is a fast –growing and light – liking tree that its trunk is smooth and is shelled spontaneously. n a short time its diameter and height increase.for its fast growing. So that turing it into things is difficult Fiber s traction is high and deksity is 0.55 to 0.58 a square centimeter. ...
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Okaliptus is a fast –growing and light – liking tree that its trunk is smooth and is shelled spontaneously. n a short time its diameter and height increase.for its fast growing. So that turing it into things is difficult Fiber s traction is high and deksity is 0.55 to 0.58 a square centimeter. The samples were prepared from the branches and trunk of Ocalyptus Kameldolensis with the average old of three years, from Jiroft region in Kerman province. After ordaining the age and having samples from the same age , some discs were prepared for cutting to measure fibers.Making ready and suspension of fibers were done in Fraklin method .Measuring amaout of lignin was done to standard no: T222- om – 88 and TAPPI guide directions . Measuring cellulose was done according to Nitric Acid method and due to standard No : T264 – om – 88 , and TAPPI guide directions. Due to results the length of trunk fibers was 811.36 and branches was 845.68 micro meters.Diameter of trunk fibers is 19.3 but branches 15.64, these amounts don,t have a meaningful differnce the level of 5&1 percent . Diameter of the carity of rrunk fibers was 10.71, but branches 3.44 at the level of 5&1 percent , they don,t have a meaningful difference. The amount of extracted articles of trunk is 4/5 but branches 2.3 percent ,and amount of lignin in trunk was 35.66 but in the branch 24.66, and amount of cellulose in trunk was 55.66 and the branch 46.81 percent which at the level of 5&1 percent have a meaningful difference . The amount of Ashes from trunk was 0.73 but from the branch 0.88 that at the level of 5&1 percent , don,t have a meaningful defference.
Pulp and paper
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei; Hossein Hosseinkhani
Abstract
Two 22 years old spruce trees (Picea abies) from Picesoon region of Gilan province are investigated. These samples were transferred to the Alborz research center. The physical, anatomical and chemical properties of samples were determined. Dry and critical specific gravity, fiber length, amount of cellulose ...
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Two 22 years old spruce trees (Picea abies) from Picesoon region of Gilan province are investigated. These samples were transferred to the Alborz research center. The physical, anatomical and chemical properties of samples were determined. Dry and critical specific gravity, fiber length, amount of cellulose and lignin were measured at 0.334, 0.306, 3.07 mm, % 59.74 and % 28.94 respectively. Average yield and kappa number of kraft pulp at %16, %18 and % 20 effective alkalis were determined at 48/67%, 44.67%, 45.63% and 46.85, 33.98 and 26.89 respectively. The result of this research indicates that production of suitable pulp from picea abies wood is possible.
Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Nooshin Toghraie; Fardad Golbabaei; Nayeralsadat Sadraei
Abstract
In order to investigate The properties of wood eight-nineteen-years- old trees of Eucalyptus microtheca from De-hnow exprimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. From each tree, 10 cm thick cross-sectional discs at several ...
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In order to investigate The properties of wood eight-nineteen-years- old trees of Eucalyptus microtheca from De-hnow exprimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. From each tree, 10 cm thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 metres intervals) were cut and together with remaining boles then transfered to the Alborz Research Center-Karaj for laboratory studies. The laboratory studies included determination of physical, anatomical and mechanical properties as well as chemical compositions of wood. The mechanical properties were evaluated on the ASTM samples for air-dry and green conditions. The following conclusions were drawn from this study:E. microtheca from one site in southern region of Iran has an average specific gravity of 0.804, fiber length of 0.811 mm, fiber diameter of 15.9 mm, lumen diameter of 5.7 mm, cell wall, thickness 5 mm, cellulose content of 44.47 percent.It was found that the mean values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and compression strength-parallel to grain tested at green condition were 72.50 MPa, 8066.6 MPa and 38.5 MPa and air-dried condition were 120.7 MPa, 12013.8 MPa and 69.80 MPa respectively.Data are also presented on other mechanical properties such as impact strength, nail withdrawal cleavage and et
Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Habialah Arabtabar; Fardad Golbabaei; Hossein Familian; Nayeralsadat Sadraei; Masoudreza Habibi
Abstract
Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalytus steriaticalyx from Dehnow experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. From each tree, 10 cm thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) were ...
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Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalytus steriaticalyx from Dehnow experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. From each tree, 10 cm thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) were cut and together with remaining boles then transferred to the Alborz Research Center-Karaj for laboratory studies. The laboratory studies included determination of physical, anatomical and mechanical properties as well as chemical compositions of wood.The mechanical properties were evaluated on the ASTM samples for air-dry and green conditions. The following conclusions were drawn from this study:E. steriaticalyx from one site in southern region of Iran has an average specific gravity of 0.935, fiber length of 0.881 mm, fiber diameter of 16.063 m, lumen diameter of 4.465 m, cell wall thickness 5.789 m, cellulose content of 47.07 percent.It was found that the mean values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and compression strength-parallel to grain tested at green condition were 67.35 MPa, 8649 MPa and 35.36 MPa and air- condition were 117.53 MPa, 13397 MPa and 72.31 MPa respectively.Data are also presented on other mechanical properties such as impact strength, nail withdrawal cleavage and etc.
Physics and anatomy
Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Hossein Familian; Kamyar Salehi; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Fardad Golbabaei; Habibalah Arabtabar; Nayeralsadat Sadraei
Abstract
Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalyptus intertexta from Sarab bahman experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. Form each tree, 10 cm. thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) ...
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Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalyptus intertexta from Sarab bahman experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. Form each tree, 10 cm. thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) were cut and together with remaining boles then transferred to the Alborz Research Center-Karaj for laboratory studies. The laboratory studies included determination of physical, anatomical and mechanical properties as well as chemical compositions of wood. The mechanical properties were evaluated on the ASTM methods for air-dry and green conditions. The following conclusions were drawn from this study:E. intertexta from one site in southern region of Iran has an average specific gravity of 0.86, fiber length of 0.71 mm, fiber diameter of 25.26 mm, lumen diameter of 4.04 mm, cell wall thickness 5.62 mm, cellulose content of 45.95; lignin 28.2; extractives soluble in alcohol - Banzen 4.28 and ash 0.62 percent.It was found that the mean values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and compression strength-parallel to grain tested at green condition were 74.21 MPa, 8454 MPa and 38.52 MPa and air-dried condition were 123.47 MPa, 14667 MPa and 77.99 MPa respectively. Data are also presented on other mechanical properties such as impact strength, nail withdrawal cleavage and etc.
