Reza Hajihassani; seyedeh masoomeh; Saman Ghahri; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heat treatment on bio-durability and some physical and mechanical properties of beech (Fagus Sp.) and pine (Pinus Sp.). Thermo-wood samples were prepared from beech and pine species based on thermo-D process. Heat-treated and untreated ...
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heat treatment on bio-durability and some physical and mechanical properties of beech (Fagus Sp.) and pine (Pinus Sp.). Thermo-wood samples were prepared from beech and pine species based on thermo-D process. Heat-treated and untreated wood specimens were evaluated after exposing to brown rot fungus for 16 weeks. The laccase activity and its effect on mass loss and wood density were investigated. Results showed that deterrence value of heat treatment on mass loss caused by brown rot fungus have been 76.92% and 44.32% in beech and pine wood, respectively. So, laccase activity and its efficiency on mass loss of control specimens was more than heat treated wood. The results also showed that thermally modification at high temperatures reduced wood density. However, it had deterrent effect on decrease of density caused by brown rot fungus activity. Moreover, some mechanical properties including impact strength and compression parallel to grain of wood specimens were measured. The results generally showed that thermal modification improves the bio-durability of both wood species. The results also revealed reduction of mechanical properties due to heat treatment except compression parallel to grain.
Hadi Gholamiyan; Ahmad Javid
Abstract
In this study, the effect of thermal cycle on surface degradation and crackability of wood coatings reinforced with clay nanoparticles and changes in adhesion and gloss properties were investigated. In this study, solvent-based coatings (alkyd, polyurethane), water-based coatings (chromium and phosphorescence) ...
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In this study, the effect of thermal cycle on surface degradation and crackability of wood coatings reinforced with clay nanoparticles and changes in adhesion and gloss properties were investigated. In this study, solvent-based coatings (alkyd, polyurethane), water-based coatings (chromium and phosphorescence) and oil-based coatings (oil-based coatings) were used in Abies alba wood species. Also, techniques and tests for measuring surface cracks, tensile adhesion and gloss meter were used to analyze the results before and after thermal fatigue. The results showed that the best coating performance in all three tests of tensile adhesion, surface gloss and surface crack is chrome coating and the most unsuitable of them is alkyd coating. Moreover, the results showed that the use of clay nanoparticles before the thermal cycle did not differ much in the properties of the coating, but after the thermal cycle increased the strength of the coatings. This increase in adhesion resistance in chromium, phosphorescence, oil, polyurethane and alkyd coatings was rate nearly doubled. In addition, the use of clay nanoparticles could reduce the crackability of the coating due to thermal fatigue and improve the performance of the coatings.
amir lashgari; seyyedeh zahra hashemi; BABAK RANJBAR
Abstract
DOR:98.1000/1735-0913.1398.34.134.66.1.1576.1585 Wood is a natural material, human beings have long been in close contact with wood, and psychologically, wooden structures, and any kind of wood-craftsmanship, give people a sense of relaxation. This research was conducted to investigate the relationship ...
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DOR:98.1000/1735-0913.1398.34.134.66.1.1576.1585 Wood is a natural material, human beings have long been in close contact with wood, and psychologically, wooden structures, and any kind of wood-craftsmanship, give people a sense of relaxation. This research was conducted to investigate the relationship between wood color and wood decor at work and living on emotional and psychological reactions of individuals. To this end, 384 people from Karaj city were selected as random sampling method. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. In inferential statistics, SPSS tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (for data normalization) and correlation test were used. Results of research analyzes, research hypotheses based on the effect of the color of the decor of the place of residence and work on the reactions Psychological and emotional affirmation. Considering the importance of the subject in psychology, in this research, the most recent methods and methods have been used. Keywords: color decoration, psychological responses, emotional reactions, research, SPSS, wood.
Physics and Mechanical Wood
Mehran Roohnia; Ahmad Jahanlatibari; Behzad Behnam; Jamshid Zarrinmehr; Mostafa Kohantorabi; Negin Manouchehri; Ajang Tajdini
Abstract
Reaching to the technology of acoustical Tomography and imaging, this project was ordered for facilitating the work for green space researchers and managers in urban standing trees. Comparing the sensors and micro-second timers with those of a certified European device in radial to tangential and longitudinal ...
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Reaching to the technology of acoustical Tomography and imaging, this project was ordered for facilitating the work for green space researchers and managers in urban standing trees. Comparing the sensors and micro-second timers with those of a certified European device in radial to tangential and longitudinal directions showed a good agreement for the Iranian made device. So, a new horizon was opened for the researchers of this approach supported by the local scientific knowledge and technology. Holding this technology, the selected trees concerning the collar defect symptoms were firstly inspected visually, then the visual accuracy was monitored by sonic tomography. Some trees were extremely defected internally, while the visual inspection showed their intactness (9 from 23). Meanwhile some trees holding visually defect signs were proved to be intact after carrying the tomography images (up to 10 from 53). It is concluded that the visual tree defect inspection is not satisfactory for saving or omitting the individual and these kinds of decision makings must be supported by the methods showing the hidden discontinuities.
Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings
Ehsan Ketabi; Amir Lashgari
Abstract
In this study was to evaluate the impact of the truss structure on stiffness and stress distribution in the truss structural members. Made and synchronizes this structures with any Populus_ Nigra lumbers, in finally made 44 truss structure with 11 varying samples and 4 replicates. were used by two joint ...
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In this study was to evaluate the impact of the truss structure on stiffness and stress distribution in the truss structural members. Made and synchronizes this structures with any Populus_ Nigra lumbers, in finally made 44 truss structure with 11 varying samples and 4 replicates. were used by two joint like friction joints was created with Glue stick and dual joint was created with nails to the 4.5 cm and calculate the resistance trusses structures by mechanical testing machine with 12.5 mm/min loading speed and 3.5 KN than mechanical test results showed, Hip Girder truss most resistance stress distribution and were the least impact on the strength and distribution of tension truss structure is significant in 95%. To show the stress distribution on the members, modeling software was AutoCAD, Catia and finite element analysis software was ANSYS. In finally the results show that maximum stress concentration, failure to engage in experimental mode.
asghar tarmian; Seaid Alireza Dehghan; Elnaz Trighnoor; Mohammad reza Pyramon; Razyeh Shamsy; Mohammad Layeghi
Abstract
In this research, the performance of a semi-greenhouse solar kiln was evaluated for dying different wood species in different season in Karaj. This study was carried out in two separate parts. In the first part, the flat-sawn boards of oak and fir with a nominal thickness of 50 mm were dried during summer ...
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In this research, the performance of a semi-greenhouse solar kiln was evaluated for dying different wood species in different season in Karaj. This study was carried out in two separate parts. In the first part, the flat-sawn boards of oak and fir with a nominal thickness of 50 mm were dried during summer of the year 2012. In the second part, the flat-sawn boards of beech and poplar with the same thickness were dried in autumn, 2014 and spring, 2015. For both parts, the boards were also air-dried. The temperature measured inside the solar kiln was 35 ºC greater than that outside during daytime and also the kiln temperature ranged from 55 to 75ºC during 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.. In both parts of research, all wood species dried in the solar kiln faster with better quality compared to those air-dried. The severity of casehardening and surface checking in the boards dried in the solar kiln was lower and more homogenous moisture profile was observed. In addition, the final moisture content was lower for the boards dried in the solar kiln.
Chemistry of wood
milad tajik; ramin vaysi; majid kiaei
Abstract
This research was carried out to identification and comparison of organically chemical component in the wood / bark extractives Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Three healthy trees were cut down from Nowshahr forest and samples were converted into the wood flour. The extractives was prepared with acetone solvent ...
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This research was carried out to identification and comparison of organically chemical component in the wood / bark extractives Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Three healthy trees were cut down from Nowshahr forest and samples were converted into the wood flour. The extractives was prepared with acetone solvent according to TAPPI standard, then transfer to the ballon and then the BSTFA catalyst was added and transfer to the GC / MS injections. Identification of components was done according to the retention time curve, calculation of Kovats correlation and Adams table. Out of 13 components in the bark of Eucalyptus and 18 components in that wood, 2 constituents such as Bis (2 - ethyl hexyl) phthalate and hexadecanoic acid was detected as the same. The most important of chemical component in the bark is (2 _ ethyl hexyl) phthalate (98.72 %). 2 - Pentanone (57.41 %) was important component in the eucalyptus wood .
Mohammad hadi Aryaei monfared; Hossein Tavakoli; Hossein Hosseinkhani
Abstract
One of the lesser known local woody species of the Zirkooh-Qhaen in the east of Iran is Ammodendron persicum with the traditional name of Divdal. In this study three selected logs were used for study of wood properties. For the first time wood of this desert species was studied from different physical ...
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One of the lesser known local woody species of the Zirkooh-Qhaen in the east of Iran is Ammodendron persicum with the traditional name of Divdal. In this study three selected logs were used for study of wood properties. For the first time wood of this desert species was studied from different physical and anatomical aspects. The results showed that Ammodendron ʼs wood is a ring -porous hardwood that all parts of its cross section have long rays that is visible with naked eye. In the study of physical properties of Ammodendron̛ ҆s wood apparent density and dry one respectively was 1.125 and 0.92 g/Cm3 that put this wood to the very dense category.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Reza nezhad; Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei
Abstract
7 hard wood species including: Beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimensions of samples were ...
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7 hard wood species including: Beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimensions of samples were 20 x 7.5 x 2 cm. Both preservative treated and untreated samples were placed in seawater in Mahshahr (Persian Gulf), Bandar Torkman and Noshahr (Caspian Sea) coasts according to IRGIWP-4432 (1985). In Mahshahr after 8, 17, 23, 28, 35 and 49 months, in Bandar Torkman after 8, 14, 22, 29, and 39 months and in Noshahr after 8, 18, 25, 31 and 40 months, the samples were inspected according with recommendation of IRG/WP-4432 (1985) and ASTM D-2481. All the control samples (untreated wood) of Beech, Oak, Hornbeam and Alder over 22 months, Oriental plane over 25 months and Babul over 20 months, were seriously attacked. Untreated Eucalyptus and all the treated samples with celcure and creosote were sound. All the treated and untreated samples in Caspian Sea were sound. It is concluded that there is no marine borers in south coasts of Caspian Sea.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Reza nezhad; Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
Four hardwood species including: Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimension of samples was 20 x 7.5 x 2 cm. Both preservative treated and untreated samples were placed in seawater ...
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Four hardwood species including: Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimension of samples was 20 x 7.5 x 2 cm. Both preservative treated and untreated samples were placed in seawater (Boshehr in Persian Gulf) according to IRG/WP-4432 (1985). After 9, 15, 24, 29, 38, 47, 53, 58 and 64 months, the samples were inspected according with recommendation of IRG/WP-4432(1985) and ASTM D- 240. All the control samples (untreated wood) of Alder and Oriental plane over 9 months, Eucalyptus and Babul over 20 months, were seriously attacked. Treated samples with Celcure of Alder and Oriental plane after 38 months were completely damaged and Eucalyptus over 38 months were severely degraded. Creosote treated samples of Eucalyptus over 58 months and Babul over 38 months were seriously attacked. Creosote treated of Alder and Oriental plane samples after 64 months installation were sound. It can be concluded that treatment with Creosote using full cell process (Bethel) increased resistance of investigated wood species against marine borers.
Ali Reza nezhad; Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei
Abstract
Wooden structure, specially vessels and launch boats were studied along all shores and ports of Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and Caspian Sea during two years in different seasons .Factors causing damage in the vessels and coastal wooden constructions were evaluated. Based on the results, north coasts, as compared ...
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Wooden structure, specially vessels and launch boats were studied along all shores and ports of Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and Caspian Sea during two years in different seasons .Factors causing damage in the vessels and coastal wooden constructions were evaluated. Based on the results, north coasts, as compared to south cost of the country, were affected more intensively by fungi damages were lower at Caspian sea shores than those at shores of Persian Gulf and Oman sea. A major reason of this is lower level of salt in Caspian sea than in Persian Gulf. At the south coast, in addition to wood decay, marine borers are the main cause of damages. At coastal zones of Khozestan province, fewer damages were found, as compared to other points of several rivers flowing to the sea at these shores and sailing of vessels through low salt waters.
Ali Reza nezhad; Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
Samples of 3 wood species including: Beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus castaneafolia) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were treated with creosote and celcure. The dimension of samples were 200 x 7 x 20 mm. Both treated and untreated samples were placed in sea water (Boshehr in Persian Gulf) according ...
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Samples of 3 wood species including: Beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus castaneafolia) and Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were treated with creosote and celcure. The dimension of samples were 200 x 7 x 20 mm. Both treated and untreated samples were placed in sea water (Boshehr in Persian Gulf) according to IRG/WP-4432(l985). After 5, 9, 15, 24, 29 and 38 months, the samples were inspected according to recommendation of ASTM D 248. The control samples (untreated wood) of Beech, Hornbeam after 9 months, the samples of Oak after 14 months, seriously attacked. Treated samples of Beech, Oak and Hornbeam with celcure, after 14 months, were seriously attacked. Creosote, treated samples of Beech, after 29 months, Oak and Hornbeam after 38 months were seriously attacked. It can be concluded that treatment with creosote using full cell process (Bethell) increased resistance of investigated wood species against marine borers.
Physics and Mechanical Wood
Habibalah Arabtabar; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Ali Rezanezhad; Ghanbar Ebrahimi
Abstract
The economical importance of railroads and their development in Iran have been caused those annually 500000 wood sleepers to be required, if sleepers are to be maintained in suitable condition. However, the wood resources are also limited, specially producing roadbeds with high classes. For conservation ...
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The economical importance of railroads and their development in Iran have been caused those annually 500000 wood sleepers to be required, if sleepers are to be maintained in suitable condition. However, the wood resources are also limited, specially producing roadbeds with high classes. For conservation of natural resources (Forests) we need to use logs with lower classes as well. The process of lamination can permits manufacturing sleepers from small logs. Therefore, the manufacturing of two half laminated ties (interface vertical or horizontal) were lower. As in Iranian beech is usually used for manufacturing sleepers, in this study it was also utilized to make dowel-laminated sleepers. The results of this study showed that, the processes of impregnation of dowel-laminated sleepers with preservative (Creosote) and depth of its penetration were better established than in usual sleepers. Laboratory test indicated that modulus of elasticity of two half laminated - vertical sleepers was the same as the usual sleepers but this resistance in two half laminated - horizontal sleepers was decreased. Finally after five years exposure under extensive service, tests no failures in dowel-laminated sleepers especially in vertical shapes were observed.
