Chemistry of wood
saeed mahdavi; masoudreza habibi; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic ...
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Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic material in Iran. Sampling was carried out from two varieties of oil seed rape, Hiola 401 and PF, based on initial compatibility experiments and yield in Mazandaran province from Baye-colla research station. The results show that at least 4 ton/hect. oven dry rapeseed straws are available. There were significant differences between fiber width, lumen diameter, ash and extractive contents in two varieties. Rapeseed straw as a lignocellulosic material was achieved at 10 score according to the five characteristics consisting of phytology, fiber dimension, fiber yield, chemical components and appearance feature. This means more studies are necessary to make a final assessment.
Chemistry of wood
Sayed ahmad Mirshokraei; Ali Abdolkhani; Alinaghi Karimi
Abstract
In this paper, a novel enzymatic method was evaluated for isolation and purification of wood lignin. The chemical structure of enzymatic lignin (Cellulytic lignin) was compared with conventional Bjorkman method (Milled wood lignin). The chemical structure elucidation was performed ...
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In this paper, a novel enzymatic method was evaluated for isolation and purification of wood lignin. The chemical structure of enzymatic lignin (Cellulytic lignin) was compared with conventional Bjorkman method (Milled wood lignin). The chemical structure elucidation was performed with FTIR, quantative 13CNMR, basic elemental analysis and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The results showed that enzymatic lignin preparation has a better chemical structure than MWL. Comparing to conventional isolation methods, application of an enzyme sequence with reduced milling time could lead to a mild extraction with less structural degradation of lignin. Resulting lignin could be more representative for wood lignin than milled wood lignin.
Physics and anatomy
Shamohammad Amiri; Ahmad Jahan latibari
Abstract
For the determined of Anatomical, Chemical and Physical characteristics of SAXAUL wood (Haloxylon persicum) from Haresabad-e-Sabzevar research station located in Khorasan-e- Razavi province 4 trees from this specie were selected and cut. Samples transferred to the Chemical laboratory in Alborz-e-Karaj ...
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For the determined of Anatomical, Chemical and Physical characteristics of SAXAUL wood (Haloxylon persicum) from Haresabad-e-Sabzevar research station located in Khorasan-e- Razavi province 4 trees from this specie were selected and cut. Samples transferred to the Chemical laboratory in Alborz-e-Karaj research center for studies. Anova-1 in mstat-c statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Anatomical characteristics measured Fiber length, Fiber diameter, lemun and cell wall thickness 336.22, 13.61, 3.68 and 4.99 micron, respectively. Paper making coefficients were also measured. Mix up coefficient; Flexibility coefficient and Rankle coefficient were 24.72, %27.05 and %2.71, respectively. Chemical characteristics measured cellulose, lignin, alcol-acetone soluble extractives, NaoH 1% soluble extractives, hot water soluble extractives and ash 46.50%, 29.54%, 7.37%, 16.25%, 6.92% and 1.27%, respectively. Physical characteristics measured of density, dry density and critical density 1024.25, 1003.83 and 913 gr. per cubic centimeter.
Physics and anatomy
Hossein Familian; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Mohammad hassan Asareh; Sayed mosa Sadeghi; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
Ziziphus spina- christi of the family Rhamnaceae is widely distributed especially in the southern region of Iran and considered as one of the most drought - resistant sub species of the country. This investigation is the first attempt to study wood properties of this species, in order to contribute to ...
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Ziziphus spina- christi of the family Rhamnaceae is widely distributed especially in the southern region of Iran and considered as one of the most drought - resistant sub species of the country. This investigation is the first attempt to study wood properties of this species, in order to contribute to a better understanding of it. It seems necessary to recognize the best utilization of this wood that are potentially available and easy to caltivate in Iran.The results of this study revealed that Ziziphus spina - christi is a diffuse - porous with pores round to oval, dense, hard and fine - textured wood. The length of vessel elements is medium, and the diameter relative high, few vessels per unit area and the type of perforation plates is simple. Parenchyma scanty paratracheal, vasicentric and rarely aliform. Libriform fibers length medium, thin to thick - walled. Rays 1-2 cells wide with medium length and not visible with nakedeye, crystals are common in most rays. In this species also percentages of cellulose and lignin are high but ash and extractive soluble in acetone content was found to be low.
Pulp and paper
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei; Hossein Hosseinkhani
Abstract
Three 4,6 and 12 years old populus deltoides trees were randomly selected and felled from the Safrabasteh Research Station located in Gilan province. Samples were transferred to the Wood chemistry and Paper Making of Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. By using of kraft processing, percentage ...
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Three 4,6 and 12 years old populus deltoides trees were randomly selected and felled from the Safrabasteh Research Station located in Gilan province. Samples were transferred to the Wood chemistry and Paper Making of Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. By using of kraft processing, percentage of sulfidity rate of %25, and the temperature of 165°C a addition to modification of effective alkali, up to 14%, 17%, 20% and cooking time at maximum temperature of 60 min., 120 min., 180 min., with a rate of liquide to lignocellulosics malerial equivalent at 5/1 (L/W).Average of yield and kappa number of pulps was measured between 43.83-2.20 and 14.85-30.48 respectively.Pulps were refined up to the freness degree of 350, 400 and 450 c.s.f for 14% effective alkali and 350 c.s.f. for 20% effective alkali. The mechanical properties of 60 grams hand-made papers include breaking length, burst Index, tear Index and folding were also measured.
Chemistry of wood
Nooshin Toghraie; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Davood Parsapazhoh; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
To study saxaul wood properties in the various ecological regions of Iran twelve 10-22 years old sample trees (4 trees from each species) were selected and cut from three different areas around kerman. Physical, chemical and anatomical characteristics of wood samples were investigated. The results of ...
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To study saxaul wood properties in the various ecological regions of Iran twelve 10-22 years old sample trees (4 trees from each species) were selected and cut from three different areas around kerman. Physical, chemical and anatomical characteristics of wood samples were investigated. The results of this investigation revealed that the initial moisture content before felling was 38.6% and the mean specific gravity based on oven dry weight and oven dry volume (WOD/VOD), oven dry and saturated weight Saxaul saturated volume (WOD/Vs ,WS/VS ), were studied for yellow, white and black and respectively. It is concluded that saxaul wood of Kerman province is heavy. The average longitudinal, radial and tangential shrinkage were surveyed. Wood periodicity of growth was determined to be 3-4 rings per year. Anatomical features were investigated by light microscopy and papermaking factors were determined. Fiber length, fiber diameter and lumen diameter were determined. These values lead to species with short and thick fibers. Chemical composition including percentage of cellulose, lignin, extractives and ash were revealed too.
Chemistry of wood
Hossein Familian; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Mohammad hassan Asareh; Saeed Mahdavi; Sayed mosa Sadeghi; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
Ziziphus lotus of the family Rhamnaceae is distributed in the southern region of Iran and considered as one of drought - resistant tree species of the country. This investigation is the first attempt to study wood properties of this species, in order to contribute to a better understanding of it. The ...
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Ziziphus lotus of the family Rhamnaceae is distributed in the southern region of Iran and considered as one of drought - resistant tree species of the country. This investigation is the first attempt to study wood properties of this species, in order to contribute to a better understanding of it. The results of this study revealed that Ziziphus lotus is a diffuse – porous with basic specific gravity medium and medium - textured wood. The length of vessel elements are medium, the diameter of vessel elements is small, porous with pores round to oval, intervessel pilting, opposite and intermediate, 20 vessels per square millimeter, simple perforation plates, vessel - ray pits similar to intervessel pits in size and shape and half bordered; Vascular tracheids present, there are rarely tyloses and Gums in vessels. Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits, thin - to thick – walled and fiber lengths short; Parenchyma scanty paratracheal, vasicentric and rarely aliform; Ray uniseriate and sometimes biseriate, ray height is short, rays with procumbent, Square and upright cells mixed throughout the ray and one Prismatic crystals in chambered upright and square ray cells, rays 12 per mm, silica bodies in ray cells; There are 7-10 Schizogenous canals in pith.In this species also percentages of cellulose are high but ash and extractive soluble in acetone content was found to be low.
Chemical conversion
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
Threes, six and 12 years old sample trees of Populos deltoides 77.51 were randomly selected and felled at the safrabasteh research station located in Gilan province. Sample tree transferred to the Alborz research center- Karaj for Laboratory studies; The Laboratory studies included determination of physical, ...
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Threes, six and 12 years old sample trees of Populos deltoides 77.51 were randomly selected and felled at the safrabasteh research station located in Gilan province. Sample tree transferred to the Alborz research center- Karaj for Laboratory studies; The Laboratory studies included determination of physical, anatomical and chemical composition of revealed that with increasing trees age, fiber length and fiber diameter increased. There was significant differences among three ages studied at I percent probability.
Chemistry of wood
Nooshin Toghraie; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Khashayar Keimosa
Abstract
In this research, worked on two juniper trees (Juniperus exelsa L.) in Bakhtiari region as a part of Irano-touranian district. We noted the Sp. Gr. Of wood based on saturated volume 0.52, porosity 64%, volume shrinkage and swelling 10% and 11.3% resp. Anatomical structure and microscopic characteristics ...
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In this research, worked on two juniper trees (Juniperus exelsa L.) in Bakhtiari region as a part of Irano-touranian district. We noted the Sp. Gr. Of wood based on saturated volume 0.52, porosity 64%, volume shrinkage and swelling 10% and 11.3% resp. Anatomical structure and microscopic characteristics had been investigated incidentally. The average length of tracheids 1.3 mm. And the diameter, lumen diameter and thickness of cell wall of tracheids were determined 23.4, 16.3 and 3.5 microns resp. the major pulp indexes are calculated via related formulas.
Physics and anatomy
Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Hossein Familian; Kamyar Salehi; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Fardad Golbabaei; Habibalah Arabtabar; Nayeralsadat Sadraei
Abstract
Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalyptus intertexta from Sarab bahman experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. Form each tree, 10 cm. thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) ...
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Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalyptus intertexta from Sarab bahman experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. Form each tree, 10 cm. thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) were cut and together with remaining boles then transferred to the Alborz Research Center-Karaj for laboratory studies. The laboratory studies included determination of physical, anatomical and mechanical properties as well as chemical compositions of wood. The mechanical properties were evaluated on the ASTM methods for air-dry and green conditions. The following conclusions were drawn from this study:E. intertexta from one site in southern region of Iran has an average specific gravity of 0.86, fiber length of 0.71 mm, fiber diameter of 25.26 mm, lumen diameter of 4.04 mm, cell wall thickness 5.62 mm, cellulose content of 45.95; lignin 28.2; extractives soluble in alcohol - Banzen 4.28 and ash 0.62 percent.It was found that the mean values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and compression strength-parallel to grain tested at green condition were 74.21 MPa, 8454 MPa and 38.52 MPa and air-dried condition were 123.47 MPa, 14667 MPa and 77.99 MPa respectively. Data are also presented on other mechanical properties such as impact strength, nail withdrawal cleavage and etc.
Chemistry of wood
Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Fardad Golbabaei; Nayeralsadat Sadraei
Abstract
Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalyptus camaldulensis from De- hnow experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. Form each tree, 10 cm. thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) ...
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Eight-nineteen-year-old trees from Eucalyptus camaldulensis from De- hnow experimental Plantation located 160 Km. South west of Shiraz were selected randomly and fell two from each of the four blocks. Form each tree, 10 cm. thick cross-sectional discs at several different heights (3 meters intervals) were cut and together with remaining boles then transferred to the Alborz Research Center-Karaj for laboratory studies. The laboratory studies included determination of physical, anatomical and mechanical properties as well as chemical compositions of wood.The mechanical properties were evaluated on the ASTM methods for air-dry and green conditions. The following conclusions were drawn from this study:E. camaldulensis from one site in southern region of Iran has an average specific gravity of 0.806, Fiber length of 1.043 mm, fiber diameter of 15.38 mm, lumen diameter of 4.84 mm, cell wall thickness 5.29 mm, cellulose content of 42.5 percent. It was found that the mean values of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and compression strength-parallel to grain tested at green condition were 81.19 MPa, 10887 MPa and 67.39 MPa respectively.Data are also presented on other mechanical properties such as impact strength, nail withdrawal cleavage and etc.
