Management and Economics wood
Ali Rezaneghad; Habibalah Arab tabar firozjaei
Abstract
With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak wood (Quercus castaneafolia), 2×2×45cm wood samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural wood and impregnated with Celcure. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones in north of Iran included Chamestan and Shalman ...
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With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak wood (Quercus castaneafolia), 2×2×45cm wood samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural wood and impregnated with Celcure. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones in north of Iran included Chamestan and Shalman in Mazanderan and Gilan provinces respectively. Evaluation of samples was done qualitatively based on ASTM D-1758-01. According to the results of periodically evaluation, Oak wood is “perishable”. All of the Celcure impregnated samples after 60 months were sound. Stating on longtime result of wood preservative effect needs more investigation
Physics and anatomy
Maliheh Akhtari; Mehdi Arefkhani
Abstract
In this study acetylated Beech wood (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) has been subjected to a variety of artificial weathering conditions in different of times (0,150&300 h), then wood surface was analyzed for chemical changes using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and for structural changes ...
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In this study acetylated Beech wood (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) has been subjected to a variety of artificial weathering conditions in different of times (0,150&300 h), then wood surface was analyzed for chemical changes using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and for structural changes using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) .Results showed that weathering process influence by the functional groups on the wood surface. Cycle of weathering (Light and water) caused the damage to the surface polymer structure and chemical and physical changes. The greatest changes caused by the functional groups and Aromatic structure of lignin. The SEM results showed that the surface of wood exposed to weathering undergoes distinct Physical changes. The surface degradation appears to be directly proportional to the time of exposure to the weathering conditions and acetylation of the wood to protect the surface from damages caused by the weathering effect of light and water.
Management and Economics wood
Arash Hassan poor; Behzad Bazyar; Habib alah Khademi eslam; Amir Hooman Hamasi
Abstract
Wood polymer composites (wpc) have been extracting used for building Products, Automotive, Packaging materials and another applications. Wpc is subject to fungal attack due to wood components. Early detection of wood decay is critical because decay fungi can cause mass loss and rapid structure failure. ...
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Wood polymer composites (wpc) have been extracting used for building Products, Automotive, Packaging materials and another applications. Wpc is subject to fungal attack due to wood components. Early detection of wood decay is critical because decay fungi can cause mass loss and rapid structure failure. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two fungi Trametes versicolorand Coniophora puteana on the mass loss of wood plastic composites. Specimens as four various treatments: contain 40,50,60,70 percent of wood flour in composition, were exposed to brown rot and white rot for 4, 8, 12, 16 week. After each of mentioned time Mass loss was measured and its amount increased for each of treatments. As seen, most amount of mass loss occurred on 16th week after contamination and in samples with 70% wood flour about two fungi .Results shown that contamination time and wood flour percent in composition have direct correlation with composites mass loss. Also at same treatments and contamination times white rot has more severe effects on mass loss factor than brown rot.
Management and Economics wood
Hamideh Abdolzadeh; Kazem Doost hosseini
Abstract
The capability of acetylated poplar particles with isocyanate resinin manufacturing particleboard was investigated. The acetylation degrees at high, medium, and zero (control) levels and type of resin (isocyanate and urea formaldehyde) were considered as variables. Then the effects of these variables ...
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The capability of acetylated poplar particles with isocyanate resinin manufacturing particleboard was investigated. The acetylation degrees at high, medium, and zero (control) levels and type of resin (isocyanate and urea formaldehyde) were considered as variables. Then the effects of these variables on practical properties of manufactured boards were investigated. The results indicated that use of isocyanate resin in board with acetylated particles not only caused to improve dimensional stability of manufactured boards but also caused to increase its mechanical Strength in comparison with blank with urea formaldehyde resin. Increasing acetylation degree caused to decrease the studied boards of the mechanical properties and enhance their dimensional stability. Although on board with isocyanate resin, increasing dimensional stability in comparison with blank is the highest. Particleboards with isocyanate resin indicated less water absorption and thickness swelling in comparison with blanks with urea formaldehyde resin after immersing in water for 2 and 24 hours.
Management and Economics wood
Ajang Tajdini; Mehran Roohnia
Abstract
Total and per capita consumption of fluting paper was calculated using data and information from production, import and export for last decades. Then based on the fact that consumption of paper and paper products is a function of both per capita consumption and population of any country, regression analysis ...
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Total and per capita consumption of fluting paper was calculated using data and information from production, import and export for last decades. Then based on the fact that consumption of paper and paper products is a function of both per capita consumption and population of any country, regression analysis was used to predict per capita consumption for the period of 1994-2003, total consumption for the period of 2006-2011 as well as the year 2021. Finally based on the calculated consumption of different papers and considering the present and future capacities for paper production, the shortage of paper was derived. Results showed that the fluting paper consumption for the year 2021, will reach 290000 tons which causes 200,000 tons of shortage per year. This shortage will require that almost 70% consumption need to be fulfilled by import.
Management and Economics wood
Sayed hamzeh Sadadt nezhad; Mehdi Tajvidi; Hossein Usefi
Abstract
In this study beech wood steamed specimens were compressed longitudinally to bulk cell wall at three levels of 0, 10 and 15 percent relative to their original length, and some mechanical properties including MOE, MOR, E-value, tensile strength, and tensile strain were measured. The results have shown ...
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In this study beech wood steamed specimens were compressed longitudinally to bulk cell wall at three levels of 0, 10 and 15 percent relative to their original length, and some mechanical properties including MOE, MOR, E-value, tensile strength, and tensile strain were measured. The results have shown that MOE, MOR and E-value as well as strength of specimens decrease with increasing compression but their tensile strain and work at maximum load increase.
Management and Economics wood
Sayed mahmood Kazemi; Mehran Jalilvand
Abstract
Wood Plastic Composite as new wood component products is made by wood fiber or powder elements with thermoset or thermoplastic materials. In recent periods of ten years the components have been produced by west industrial countries and as well in UnitedState of America as wood water resistant materials. ...
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Wood Plastic Composite as new wood component products is made by wood fiber or powder elements with thermoset or thermoplastic materials. In recent periods of ten years the components have been produced by west industrial countries and as well in UnitedState of America as wood water resistant materials. Samples of wood plastic and untreated wood specimens of maple and elm were prepared in laboratory. The effects of water, fire and fungus (Trametes versicolor) on the wood samples with using ASTM and EN standards were investigated. The results showed that the highest resistance wood samples against fire was related to wood plastic made by polypropylene and the lowest resistance of wood samples was associated to untreated maple. In the case of floating samples in water, results indicated that increase cross section of wood plastic decreases the rate of water penetration in wood samples. The results of fungal attack in laboratory tests on wood plastic samples showed that component made by 30 % polypropylene and 30% polyethylene and 40% wood fiber is able to resist significantly against rotting fugal.
The weight loss of untreated maple samples against fungal attack was 38.5% that probably is related to being high percent of sugar and starch materials in wood species. There was a difference about 3% of weight loss between natural maple (control) and maple treated by sea water. Therefore, maple is a perishable species in wood durability classification. Heartwood of elm was very resistant to wood rotting fungus and the mean weight loss of wood samples was 3.75%. As a result in wood classification this wood specie is very durable. Appling of sea water only 0.5% increased wood resistance to fungal activity. The results of fungus attack on wood plastic showed this wood product is very resistant and during 6 weeks incubation only 3.14% of its weight was decreased.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Rezanzhad; Habib alah Arabtabar
Abstract
With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), 2x2x45 cm samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural and impregnated with Celcure and creosote. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones included Qom and Khozestan provinces. Evaluation of samples were ...
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With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), 2x2x45 cm samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural and impregnated with Celcure and creosote. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones included Qom and Khozestan provinces. Evaluation of samples were done qualitatively and based on ASTM D-1758-01. According to the results of periodically evaluation, Oak wood is “perishable”. All of the Celcure impregnated samples after 60 months and Creosote impregnated samples after 36 months installation in Khozestan, Celcure and creosote impregnated after 41 months in Qom were sound. Stating on longtime result of wood preservative effect needs more investigation.
Management and Economics wood
Ebrahim Farashian; Hmid Yarmand; Majid Tavakkoli; Bahman Sadghyan; Hassan Ale mansor; Sayed mirsl Ahmadi
Abstract
The natural forests and rangelands of Iran are reach in their insect fauna. The survey caring out in many province of Iran during 1993-2005 and the long horn beetles (Cerambycidae) were collected from these areas. In this regard different setting of ecosystems such as forests, urban vicinities, poplar ...
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The natural forests and rangelands of Iran are reach in their insect fauna. The survey caring out in many province of Iran during 1993-2005 and the long horn beetles (Cerambycidae) were collected from these areas. In this regard different setting of ecosystems such as forests, urban vicinities, poplar plantations, poplar research stations, fruit garden, lumberyards in many part of Iran had been visited and the beetles Were captured directly by hand, light trap, sweeping net, chopping the infested logs of host trees.The collected specimens were identified and geographic distribution and economic importance of them were studied. Theretofore, about 80 specimens were identified and sixteen of them are the pest of different trees and they have economic importance. These specimens belong to four subfamilies namely Prioninae, Lamiinae, Cerambycinae and Parandrinae as follow: Prioninae (Megopis scabricernis Scopolu Prionus coriarius L.), Lamiinae (Saperda spp. L. Oberea oculata L., Morimus verecundus Faldermann, Monochamus sutor (L.), Cerambycinae (Osphranteria coerulescens Red, Cerambyx cerdo L., Xehopachys matthiesseni Reitt., Aeolesthes Sarta Solsky, Aromia moschata L., seudophilus testacyeus Gah., Derolus mauritanicus iranensis Gahan. Stromatium Fulvum Villers., Hylotrupes bajulus L.), Parandrinae (Parandra caspica Men).
Physics and Mechanical Wood
Ghanbar Ebrahimi; Hossein Mahjob; Saeid Kazemi najafi
Abstract
Ultrasonic wave speed was measured in the longitudinal direction of Basswood on the top and bottom surfaces and center of lumbers during kiln drying in 3 Kiln load programs with final dry bulb of 80oC and different relative humidities. On the surfaces, wave speed decreased rapidly with MC declining from ...
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Ultrasonic wave speed was measured in the longitudinal direction of Basswood on the top and bottom surfaces and center of lumbers during kiln drying in 3 Kiln load programs with final dry bulb of 80oC and different relative humidities. On the surfaces, wave speed decreased rapidly with MC declining from green to FSP, but from FSP down to 7% moisture content wave speed did increased slowly. In the center of lumber, with decreasing MC from green to FSP, wave speed increased slowly, but by reducing MC to 7%, wave speed was rapidly increased. 5% MC, on the three surface of lumber, wave speed had no drastic difference. Results indicated that ultrasonic wave speed and MC of wood show a parabolic relationship. Further, results have shown that measuring ultrasonic wave speed is an appropriate method to control kiln drying program for hardwood lumber
Management and Economics wood
Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Ali Reza nezhad
Abstract
In this study, the damage of termites on Eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus intertexta R.T. Baker) in both treated and untreated conditions was evaluated by IRGfWP-1290 and recommendation of ASTM Standard D-1758 methodes. The dimention of the samples were 25 x 2.5 x 2.5, 30 x 8 x 8 and 47 x 2 x 2cm that were ...
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In this study, the damage of termites on Eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus intertexta R.T. Baker) in both treated and untreated conditions was evaluated by IRGfWP-1290 and recommendation of ASTM Standard D-1758 methodes. The dimention of the samples were 25 x 2.5 x 2.5, 30 x 8 x 8 and 47 x 2 x 2cm that were treatd by celcure and Creosote using full cell process (Bethel) method. Retentions average of Creosote and Celcure were 53.22, 5.62 Kg/m3 respectively. The studies have shown that untreated samples of E. intertexta which have been placed in field test for 9 years, were subjected to damage about 70%, and soft rot could be seen on them. Samples treated by Celcure and Creosote which have been placed for 6 years were sound but in the 7th year the damage of the termites on the samples began to appear which was 20%. Based on this study, it can be concluded that E. intertexta wood can be classified as a moderately durable wood.
Management and Economics wood
Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Ali Reza nezhad; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
In this study, durability of Eucalyptus wood(Eucalyptus intertexta R.T.Baker) in both treated with creosote and celcore and untreated to attack by Trametes versicolor (L.ex)L loyd. were evaluated heart wood by the Kolleshal methodes described in DIN 52176, and B.S. 838. The comparison of weight ...
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In this study, durability of Eucalyptus wood(Eucalyptus intertexta R.T.Baker) in both treated with creosote and celcore and untreated to attack by Trametes versicolor (L.ex)L loyd. were evaluated heart wood by the Kolleshal methodes described in DIN 52176, and B.S. 838. The comparison of weight losses of samples were also evaluated and it showed that fungus had no effect on the treated samples but it caused 4% weight loss of natural durability samples. Based on this study, it can be concluded that E. intertexta wood can be classified as a durable wood.
Management and Economics wood
Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Ali Reza nezhad; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
Samples of 6 wood species including: Oak (Quercus castaneafolia) Horn beam (Carpinus betulus), Beech (Fagus orientalis), Alder (alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (platanus orientalis) and Babul (Acasia arabica) were treated with Creosote. The dimension of samples was 200 x 75 x 20 mm. Both treated and ...
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Samples of 6 wood species including: Oak (Quercus castaneafolia) Horn beam (Carpinus betulus), Beech (Fagus orientalis), Alder (alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (platanus orientalis) and Babul (Acasia arabica) were treated with Creosote. The dimension of samples was 200 x 75 x 20 mm. Both treated and untreated samples were installed in sea water (Chabahar port coasts) according to IRG/WP-4432 (1985). After 8, 12, 24, 33 months, the samples were inspected according to recommendation of ASTM D 2481. During this installation period, the control samples of Alder after 8 months, the samples of Oak and Hornbeam, Beech and Oriental plane after 12 months, seriously attacked. The grade of samples Babul after 12 months installation in sea water was 3.8. Treated samples with Creosote, samples of Oak 24 months and Hornbeam, after 33 months, were seriously attacked.So, treating with creosote using full cell process causes an increase in wood, durability against marine boreres approximately more than two times of untreated samples.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Reza nezhad; Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei
Abstract
7 hard wood species including: Beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimensions of samples were ...
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7 hard wood species including: Beech (Fagus orientalis), Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimensions of samples were 20 x 7.5 x 2 cm. Both preservative treated and untreated samples were placed in seawater in Mahshahr (Persian Gulf), Bandar Torkman and Noshahr (Caspian Sea) coasts according to IRGIWP-4432 (1985). In Mahshahr after 8, 17, 23, 28, 35 and 49 months, in Bandar Torkman after 8, 14, 22, 29, and 39 months and in Noshahr after 8, 18, 25, 31 and 40 months, the samples were inspected according with recommendation of IRG/WP-4432 (1985) and ASTM D-2481. All the control samples (untreated wood) of Beech, Oak, Hornbeam and Alder over 22 months, Oriental plane over 25 months and Babul over 20 months, were seriously attacked. Untreated Eucalyptus and all the treated samples with celcure and creosote were sound. All the treated and untreated samples in Caspian Sea were sound. It is concluded that there is no marine borers in south coasts of Caspian Sea.
Management and Economics wood
Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Ali Reza nezhad; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
In this study, green round poles of Populus nigra L. var. italica were treated with Celcure by using Tire - Tube method. After felling and sizing trees, thick - end of poles (about 15 cm.) were debarked and a section of tire inner Tube was fastened around the debarked end of the fresh - cut poles and ...
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In this study, green round poles of Populus nigra L. var. italica were treated with Celcure by using Tire - Tube method. After felling and sizing trees, thick - end of poles (about 15 cm.) were debarked and a section of tire inner Tube was fastened around the debarked end of the fresh - cut poles and bound tightly with rubber bands and the upper end of the tube was connected to the elevated solution container. Then the poles installed on slope and let them to absorb the solution. The results showed that sapwoods were completely penetrated but hartwood less after 8-24 hrs.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Reza nezhad; Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
Four hardwood species including: Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimension of samples was 20 x 7.5 x 2 cm. Both preservative treated and untreated samples were placed in seawater ...
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Four hardwood species including: Alder (Alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis), Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Babul (Acacia arabica) were treated with Creosote and Celcure. The dimension of samples was 20 x 7.5 x 2 cm. Both preservative treated and untreated samples were placed in seawater (Boshehr in Persian Gulf) according to IRG/WP-4432 (1985). After 9, 15, 24, 29, 38, 47, 53, 58 and 64 months, the samples were inspected according with recommendation of IRG/WP-4432(1985) and ASTM D- 240. All the control samples (untreated wood) of Alder and Oriental plane over 9 months, Eucalyptus and Babul over 20 months, were seriously attacked. Treated samples with Celcure of Alder and Oriental plane after 38 months were completely damaged and Eucalyptus over 38 months were severely degraded. Creosote treated samples of Eucalyptus over 58 months and Babul over 38 months were seriously attacked. Creosote treated of Alder and Oriental plane samples after 64 months installation were sound. It can be concluded that treatment with Creosote using full cell process (Bethel) increased resistance of investigated wood species against marine borers.
Management and Economics wood
Habibalah Arabtabar; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Ali Rezanezhad; Ghanbar Ebrahimi
Abstract
The economical importance of railroads and their development in Iran have been caused those annually 500000 wood sleepers to be required, if sleepers are to be maintained in suitable condition. However, the wood resources are also limited, specially producing roadbeds with high classes. For conservation ...
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The economical importance of railroads and their development in Iran have been caused those annually 500000 wood sleepers to be required, if sleepers are to be maintained in suitable condition. However, the wood resources are also limited, specially producing roadbeds with high classes. For conservation of natural resources (Forests) we need to use logs with lower classes as well. The process of lamination can permits manufacturing sleepers from small logs. Therefore, the manufacturing of two half laminated ties (interface vertical or horizontal) were lower. As in Iranian beech is usually used for manufacturing sleepers, in this study it was also utilized to make dowel-laminated sleepers. The results of this study showed that, the processes of impregnation of dowel-laminated sleepers with preservative (Creosote) and depth of its penetration were better established than in usual sleepers. Laboratory test indicated that modulus of elasticity of two half laminated - vertical sleepers was the same as the usual sleepers but this resistance in two half laminated - horizontal sleepers was decreased. Finally after five years exposure under extensive service, tests no failures in dowel-laminated sleepers especially in vertical shapes were observed.
