Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research

Volume 40 Issue 1 spring - Serial Number 90

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.133173

Abstract

Research Paper Management and Economics wood

Identifying and evaluating criteria for selecting sustainable and resilient suppliers (Case study: Wooden furniture and decoration industry

Shahab Bayatzadeh; Hamidreza Talaie

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.367868.1788

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The wood industry, especially in the furniture and decoration sectors, is one of the small industries with high entrepreneurial potential that faces numerous challenges in the field of sustainability and resilience due to irresponsible exploitation. The aim of this study is ... Read More Background and Objectives: The wood industry, especially in the furniture and decoration sectors, is one of the small industries with high entrepreneurial potential that faces numerous challenges in the field of sustainability and resilience due to irresponsible exploitation. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize criteria for selecting sustainable and resilient suppliers in the Iranian furniture and decoration industry to help reduce environmental impacts, increase productivity, and ensure the continuity of resource supply through improving supply chain performance. This study is designed to fill the scientific gaps in the comprehensive assessment of suppliers in this industry.Methodology: This research was conducted to identify and prioritize criteria for selecting sustainable and resilient suppliers in the furniture and decoration industry. The research method was designed analytically and applied with a descriptive-survey approach. First, through a comprehensive review of the research literature, the primary criteria related to supplier selection were identified. These criteria were placed in four main categories: economic, environmental, social, and resilience, and included 17 criteria. In order to verify the identified criteria, the fuzzy Delphi method was used. A questionnaire based on the identified criteria was prepared and distributed among 10 experts in the furniture and decoration industry, including supply chain managers and environmental specialists. The experts were selected based on at least 15 years of work experience and familiarity with the principles of sustainability and resilience. The questionnaires were analyzed in two stages, and the third stage was stopped due to the reduction of the difference in opinions between the responses to less than 0.2. For weighing the criteria, the fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM) was applied. This method calculates the weight of each criterion by selecting the most important and least important criteria and conducting pairwise comparisons. The model was solved using LINGO software, and the final ranking of the criteria was extracted. This method, aiming to reduce subjective errors and manage uncertainties in the data, provides an appropriate approach for prioritization in complex environments like the wood industry.Results: The results showed that resilience-related and environmental criteria hold higher importance compared to economic and social criteria. This prioritization highlights the crucial role of these two categories in managing the wood supply chain, especially in dealing with disruptions and ensuring the sustainability of natural resources. The criteria examined included Risk Awareness, Sustainable Resource Use, Supply Chain Flexibility, Recovery Capability, Pollution Control, Cost Efficiency, Delivery Timeliness, Worker Safety, Responsiveness, Quality, Environmental Certifications, Community Impact, Financial Stability, Supplier Relationship, Geographical Location, Technology, and Reputation. Risk Awareness (0.171) and Sustainable Resource Use (0.123) were identified as the most significant factors. Supply Chain Flexibility and Recovery Capability also ranked highly. In the economic category, Cost Efficiency and Delivery Timeliness were the most important criteria. Social criteria such as Worker Safety and Community Impact ranked lower, while Supplier Relationship and Reputation received the least importance. These findings emphasize the wood industry’s focus on resilience and environmental protection, with economic and social criteria considered as supporting factors in later priorities.Conclusion: The findings indicate that in an industry like wood, resilience and environmental sustainability play a key role in supplier selection. This research provides a framework that can assist managers in conducting comprehensive supplier evaluations and making optimal decisions to ensure the continuity of the supply chain and reduce environmental impacts. Future research can further explore global and regional conditions to develop more dynamic models for evaluation.

Research Paper Chemical conversion

Fabrication of Nanocellulosic biosensor as an indicator of meat spoilage

Ali Ghasemi Chahardehi; Ghasem Asadpour; Sead Majid zabihzadeh; Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 20-34

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.367510.1786

Abstract

Background and purpose: The annual amount of food waste includes about one third of the global production of edible food. One of the main causes of meat waste is the disease caused by microorganisms. Using continuous and real-time tracking of food spoilage, waste can be significantly reduced. One of ... Read More Background and purpose: The annual amount of food waste includes about one third of the global production of edible food. One of the main causes of meat waste is the disease caused by microorganisms. Using continuous and real-time tracking of food spoilage, waste can be significantly reduced. One of the main ways to identify the change in the quality of the food inside the package is the change in pH. by employing natural polymers containing pH-sensitive substances, it is possible to know the condition of the meat inside the package. Anthocyanins are natural substances sensitive to pH. This research investigated the use of eggplant peel extract to make a pH-sensitive Nanocellulosic biofilm as an indicator of meat spoilage inside the package.Materials and methods: Eggplant peel, after crushing and passing through a sieve, was subjected to extraction in two separate methods (with and without formic acid). The amount of anthocyanin in each method was investigated and then the appropriate extraction method was selected based on the amount of anthocyanin obtained. The resulting anthocyanin, as the main substance sensitive to pH changes, was used in different percentages until the desired result was reached, to make nanocellulose film. In the production of nanocellulose film, anthocyanin was stabilized with the help of two types of cross-linking polymers, namely Penta sodium triphosphate and polyvinyl alcohol, in two separate paths, inside the nanofibrocellulose film, by casting method, at a temperature of 38̊Ϲ for 72 hours in an oven. The resulting film, as an indicator of meat spoilage, was placed inside the packaging of meat products. Some of the mentioned packages were kept at room temperature for three days and some others were kept in the refrigerator for seven days. The change in color of the films was evident in both cases, which indicated the microbial contamination of the meat.Result: The results showed that the amount of anthocyanin in the extraction method with formic acid is twice that of the extraction method without it. The L a b test related to Nanocellulosic films showed that the b factor increased three and a half times in the films inside the package after spoilage the meat. Examination of the films with XRD showed that the addition of the binding polymer as well as the extract increases the degree of crystallinity of the nanocellulose film. Also, the results of FTIR showed that by adding binding polymers, new functional groups are created in the nanocellulose film, before and after being placed inside the packaging.Conclusion: In this research, eggplant peel extract was used to make pH-sensitive nanocellulose film. In terms of anthocyanin content, the method with formic acid was superior to the method without it. Nanocellulose film, in the vicinity of rotten meat, changed color and became greenish yellow. The results show an increase in the degree of crystallinity due to the interaction between the components of the film. The extract itself also turned red in acidic pH and greenish-brown in alkaline pH. Finally, it was found that by using the visible color change of the aforementioned biodegradable nanocellulose film, it is possible to visually know the condition of the food inside the package.

Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings

Improving the performance of polyvinyl acetate adhesive in order to increase the strength and stability of tongue and groove joints in traditional beech wood structures

Vahid Sokhandan; Hamidreza Mansouri; Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghaleno; Mohammad Shamsian

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 35-53

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.366640.1778

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Historical wooden constructions clearly depict the identity, architecture, culture and lifestyle of the people of a period of history and are available to future generations as precious treasures. Therefore, the disconnection of the joints of historical wooden constructions ... Read More Background and Objectives: Historical wooden constructions clearly depict the identity, architecture, culture and lifestyle of the people of a period of history and are available to future generations as precious treasures. Therefore, the disconnection of the joints of historical wooden constructions is a big problem to preserve these valuable works in the long term. This research was carried out with the aim of improving and strengthening polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive using using nanocellulose fibers (NFC) and glass nanofibers (GNF) to improve the joints of the tongue and groove in the traditional beech wood constructions.Materials and methods: In this research, in order to study the effects of reinforcements on the properties of PVAc adhesive, NFC and GNF were investigated at three different levels including 0, 3, and 6% based on the dry weight of the adhesive (9 treatments; each treatment with 3 repetitions). The connection of the palate and the tongue using polyvinyl acetate glue without NFC and GNF were considered as control samples. After preparing the samples, quantitative and qualitative tests including tensile strength, bending strength (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity), accelerated aging test, FTIR spectroscopy and evaluation of the samples using electron microscope scanning (SEM) was done.Results: According to the results, there was a significant difference between the studied treatments in terms of tensile strength and modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity (P<0.05). Among the examined treatments, the highest amount of tensile strength (13.9 MPa), modulus of rupture (130.5 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (11785.36 MPa) were observed in PVAc treatment modified with 3% CNF and 3% GNF. In addition, the results showed a significant difference between the treatments in terms of accelerated aging rate (P<0.05). The lowest rate of accelerated aging (4.0) was observed in PVAc treatment modified with 3% NFC and 3% GNF. FTIR spectroscopy showed that when CNFs are inserted into the PVAc polymer matrix, hydrogen bonds are formed between the hydroxyl groups (OH) of polymer chains and the hydroxyl groups of nanocellulose, which causes the formation of coherent three-dimensional networks. Also, according to the observations from scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was found that CNFs and GNFs were relatively well dispersed in the PVAc polymer matrix.Conclusion: This study showed that by adding 3% NFC and 3% GNF to PVAc adhesive, the mechanical properties of joints in beech wood structures increase. Considering this issue, it is recommended to use a combination of cellulose nanofibers (NFC) and glass nanofibers (GNF) in order to improve the resistance properties of joints in traditional wooden structures.

Pulp and Paper Nano composite

Investigation of the use of carboxymethylcellulose-based magnetic biocomposite in paper coating

Shaghaiegh Rezanezhad; Noureddin Nazarnezhad; Hosein Resalati; Seyed Majid Zabihzadeh

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 54-66

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.367727.1787

Abstract

Background and objectives: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is one the ether derivatives of cellulose and is widely used in various industries. This material is one of the most important and widely used cellulose derivatives, which has been considered in many researches as a substrate for the production ... Read More Background and objectives: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is one the ether derivatives of cellulose and is widely used in various industries. This material is one of the most important and widely used cellulose derivatives, which has been considered in many researches as a substrate for the production of composite materials due to the presence of the carboxy methyl and hydroxyl groups. CMC can also be used as a substrate for the production of the magnetic cellulose compounds. Magnetic materials such as iron oxide are able to form effective bonds with hydroxyl groups in CMC and produce magnetic composites with biodegradable properties. The purpose of this research is to produce and analyze the magnetic properties of biocomposite made from CMC and then coat it on the surface of paper.Methodology: In this research, CMC was used as a substrate for the production of magnetic biocomposite. The in-situ synthesis was used to produce biocomposite. In the process, iron salts (4 and 6 H2O) and CMC were mixed together in an aqueous solution and under nitrogen atmosphere, then by adding ammonium hydroxide to pH 11, iron oxide particles (magnetite) were formed on CMC. The materials were stirred in water bath for 1 hour at 40 °C, in order to complete the reactions and increase the production efficiency of magnetic particles. Handsheets with 120 ± 5 g/m2 weight was prepared by using commercial kraft fibers, and then coated with magnetic biocomposite. The synthesized magnetic materials and coated paper with magnetic biocomposite were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The size of iron oxide was tested by an atomic force microscope. Also, the morphology and surface characteristics of magnetic particles, magnetic biocomposite and coated fibers and paper were investigated by scanning electron microscope. The magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated with a vibrating magnetometer. Furthermore, the strengths properties of the coated paper were examined with tensile, tear, water absorption and air resistance tests.Results: The results of the magnetic test showed that in the first phase, the magnetic biocomposite was successfully prepared and the sample showed super paramagnetic properties. The highest magnetic saturation in the iron oxide sample was about 25 emu/g. Also, the CMC magnetic biocomposite had a magnetic saturation about 4 emu/g. The results of the microscopic evaluation of the iron oxide particles showed a uniform cubic structure. The formation of this structure is due to the accumulation of particles. In addition, mechanical engagement and connection of the magnetic biocomposite with the paper was observed. Also, the microscopic analyze of the iron oxide showed the most frequent of particles size were 45 nm. The results of the strength properties of the paper showed that the coating with magnetic material decreased the tensile and tear indices. The air resistance in the coated paper samples has increased compared to the control sample. Based on the results of Cobb test (water absorption), the lowest water absorption is related to the coated paper with CMC magnetic biocomposite. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the iron oxide sample showed five important peaks at 2 theta angles of 35, 41, 50, 67 and 74 degrees, which the main peaks indicated the iron oxide.Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to analyze the magnetic property in the CMC biocomposite and then coat it on the surface of the paper. Therefore, the experiments were carried out in 2 stages. In the first stage, CMC magnetic biocomposite was made by in situ synthesis process with iron salts. In the second phase, handsheet was prepared by using commercial kraft fibers and coated ones. The results of the testing samples showed the successfully production of magnetic biocomposite. Also, the paper coated with this material has suitable magnetic properties.

Research Paper Pulp and paper

The effect of fiber oxidation on the properties of corrugated paperboard

Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody; Omid Esmaeili; Sead Rahman jafari Petrody

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 67-80

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.367374.1784

Abstract

Background and purpose: Paying attention to the resistance properties of paper during its production and consumption has always been particularly fashionable for paper makers. In the case of NSSC pulp, it is very important to maintain its resistance and continuous production for the production of floating ... Read More Background and purpose: Paying attention to the resistance properties of paper during its production and consumption has always been particularly fashionable for paper makers. In the case of NSSC pulp, it is very important to maintain its resistance and continuous production for the production of floating papers or the combination in the production of various types of liner paper. The use of recycled papers in pure form or in combination with virgin papers has shown that the resistance properties of the resulting papers are reduced. Therefore, in order to use recycled paper, either pure or combined with virgin pulp, it is necessary to take measures to improve the quality of the final paper.Materials and methods: This research was conducted to investigate the effects of using oxidation methods with hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite to monitor the characteristics of congress corrugated pulp by combining NSSC and OCC pulps. In this research, firstly, the desired pulps were oxidized using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite in different proportions, and then according to the TAPPI standard, handmade papers of 127 g/cm2 were made from them. Finally, the mentioned papers in terms of physical characteristics such as Cobb-60 and Air resistance; And the mechanical strength were evaluatedResults: The control treatments have more water absorption resistance and its amount decreases with the oxidation treatment of the pulps. Papers obtained from pulps oxidized with hypochlorite have more resistance to air passage than with peroxide. In this sense, the paper obtained from pure OCC treatment has the lowest air resistance. Papers obtained from pulps oxidized with peroxide have more tear index. Therefore, it seems that peroxide is preferred in terms of tearing properties compared to hypochlorite. In most cases, papers obtained from hypochlorite treatment have more tensile index. The use of oxidation with hypochlorite increases the forld resistance. In terms of CMT, RCT and CCT resistances, combined oxidation processes have been more effective, especially in treatments containing long fibers. The effect of oxidation with peroxide and hypochlorite on the resistance of the paper surface in NSSC and OCC papers are completely different and act in the opposite direction. But in combined treatments, more CMT is obtained. The effect of both oxidants on the characteristics of resistance to ring crushing (RCT) in NSSC and OCC papers in pure treatments has an upward trend, and in the combined state, it causes a decrease in RCT in the papers. The effect of oxidation with hypochlorite on the paper edge cramp resistance (CCT) has been higher compared to peroxideConclusion: The use of oxidation treatment with peroxide for all pulps makes the resulting papers have a higher tearing index. However, in the use of hypochlorite, the resistance characteristics affected by the bond between fibers, such as tensile strength and folding resistance, have been improved. In terms of resistance characteristics such as CMT, RCT and CCT resistance, the combination of peroxide and hypochlorite treatments along with long fibers have been more effective, therefore, considering the importance of these characteristics in the production of congress paper, it is suggested that these treatments should be prioritized.

Research Paper Chemistry of wood

Evaluation of antioxidant properties of extracts from the heartwood and sapwood of Melia azedarach

Maryam Ahmadi; Seyed Majid Zabihzadeh; Noureddin Nazarnezhad; Ghasem Asadpour; Pourya Biparva

Volume 40, Issue 1 , March 2025, Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.368212.1793

Abstract

Background and objectives: Plant extracts contain antioxidant compounds, which have garnered increasing attention in various scientific and industrial fields due to their significance. Among the most important groups of compounds present in plant extracts are phenolic compounds. These compounds not only ... Read More Background and objectives: Plant extracts contain antioxidant compounds, which have garnered increasing attention in various scientific and industrial fields due to their significance. Among the most important groups of compounds present in plant extracts are phenolic compounds. These compounds not only possess antioxidant properties but also have diverse applications in various industries. Numerous plants have been investigated for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), a woody species, is known to contain antioxidant substances. In this study, the extracts from heartwood and sapwood of chinaberry were obtained, and the extracted compounds were identified. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of these compounds were evaluated. This research provides valuable insights into the potential applications of antioxidant compounds derived from chinaberry in different industries.Methodology: First, the heartwood and sapwood of Melia azedarach (chinaberry) were separated and ground using a laboratory mill. Particles of size 60 mesh were isolated using a laboratory sieve. Prior to extraction, the wood flour underwent pre-extraction with hexane. Three different extraction methods were employed: Soxhlet, immersion, and ultrasonic. In all methods, 10 grams of wood flour were used as the raw material. In the Soxhlet method, the raw material was placed in a thimble and then the thimble contain wood flour transferred to a flask containing 250 mL of ethanol. The Soxhlet system was set up, and after the first siphoning, the samples were heated for 6 hours to complete the extraction process. In the immersion method, the samples were stirred with 250 mL of ethanol at 40°C for 24 hours using a magnetic stirrer. In the ultrasonic method, the wood flour was combined with 100 mL of ethanol in a beaker. The resulting mixture was treated at 40°C for a total of 6 minutes, divided into two 3-minute intervals, using ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 20 kHz and an amplitude of 50%. The compounds present in the extracts obtained from all three methods were identified using GC-MS analysis. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts was quantified. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH method.Results: The analysis of extractable content before pre-extraction with hexane revealed that the heartwood contained a higher number of extractable materials compared to the sapwood. Following extraction using three different methods, a re-assessment of extractable content indicated that the highest amount was obtained from the sapwood using the Soxhlet method. GC-MS analysis of extracts derived from the heartwood and sapwood of Melia azedarach showed that methoxyphenol was the predominant phenolic compound identified in both wood types when extracted using the Soxhlet method. In the immersion method, beta-sitosterol was the most abundant compound in the heartwood, while methylphenol dominated in the sapwood. For the ultrasonic method, imidazolidinedione was the most abundant compound in the heartwood, and beta-sitosterol prevailed in the sapwood. The highest phenolic compound content was observed in the sapwood extract obtained using the Soxhlet method, measuring 0.45865 µg gallic acid per mg of extract. The maximum flavonoid content was also recorded in the sapwood extract from the Soxhlet method, with 0.493172 mg quercetin per gram of dry weight. Antioxidant activity assessment demonstrated that the extract obtained from the heartwood using the immersion method exhibited the highest antioxidant activity.Conclusion: This study aimed to investigate the extraction of heartwood and sapwood from Melia azedarach and evaluate the impact of three different extraction methods- soxhlet, immersion, and ultrasonic- on the yield of the extracted materials. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the extracts obtained through these methods were assessed. The results revealed that phenolic compounds constituted the majority of the extracted materials in both heartwood and sapwood extracts of this species. The soxhlet method demonstrated the highest efficiency in extracting phenolic and flavonoid compounds from the sapwood, while the immersion method exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the extracts obtained from the heartwood. These findings underscore the influence of the extraction method on the quantity and type of compounds extracted as well as their antioxidant properties. This study provides valuable insights into the potential utilization of antioxidant compounds in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.

Identify the Chemical Composition of Tobacco Stem Wood Extractives (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Coker 347') by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry

Volume 29, SPRING 1 , May 2014, , Pages 66-57

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2014.4907

Abstract

Tobacco (Nicotianan tabacum) and an old industrial plant in the north, Iran to supply tobacco leaf to produce significant amounts of stem tobacco cultivation and the annual production is in the north of the country. In this research stems of tobacco variety Coker 347 randomly Gilan district, city of ... Read More

Investigation on the possibility of oriented strand board (OSB) production from hornbeam wood

Volume 34, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 140-156

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2019.125254.1523

Abstract

DOR:98.1000/1735-0913.1398.34.140.66.1.9.1586 In this study, the possibility of three-layered oriented strand board production from hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood was evaluated. Two levels of press time (6 and 8 minutes) and three levels of press temperature (180˚C, 200˚C and 220˚C) were applied ... Read More

Dielectric properties of oil impregnated kraft and soda pulps

Volume 28, Summer 2 , June 2013, , Pages 329-340

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2013.2937

Abstract

This research was carried out with the aim of determining dielectric properties of bagasse unbleached soda pulp, long fiber kraft pulp and a mixture of both (20% kraft + 80% bagasse soda).The hand-sheets with 60 g/m2 basis weight were made after adjusting the freeness of pulps at levels of 200 ± ... Read More

Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Grapevine Branches (Vitis vinifera spp.) Grown in Astara

Volume 30, WINTER 4 , December 2015, , Pages 525-537

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2015.102670

Abstract

This study has been conducted to determine morphological characteristics of fibers and amount of chemical components of grapevine branches cultivated in Astara in province of Guilan. For this purpose the number of 53 branches, with same size and diameter, were cut from some grapevine and sent to laboratory ... Read More

Use of Central Composite Design for Optimization of ultrasonic pre-treatment parameters on chemical deinking of old newspaper

Volume 33, Issue 4 , February 2019, , Pages 489-500

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2018.122366.1480

Abstract

To reuse recycled cellulosic fibers in paper production, contaminated particles and other impurities of the fibers can be greatly removed using a de-inking stage which is considered as a supplementary step in waste paper recycling technology. The effect of using ultrasonic pretreatment on the deinking ... Read More

Research Paper

Identifying and ranking the characteristics of agile attitude in the successful implementation of agility in the wooden furniture and decoration industry using the Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy FUCOM

Hamidreza Talaie; Shahab Bayatzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.368220.1794

Abstract

Background and Objective: The wood industry in Iran is one of the key industries with high potential for producing products such as furniture and interior decoration. However, this industry faces challenges such as traditional structures, lack of modern skills, and limited use of digital technologies, ... Read More Background and Objective: The wood industry in Iran is one of the key industries with high potential for producing products such as furniture and interior decoration. However, this industry faces challenges such as traditional structures, lack of modern skills, and limited use of digital technologies, which hinder its competitiveness in both domestic and international markets. Agile thinking, as a strategic approach, can address these issues by enhancing flexibility, quick response capabilities, and continuous learning, paving the way for sustainable growth. This research aims to identify and rank the characteristics of agile thinking and introduce and localize the necessary tools for successful agility implementation in Iran’s furniture and wood decoration industry. The significance of this topic lies in improving competitiveness, reducing costs, and adapting to environmental and market changes.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-survey research, with an analytical approach and practical results, utilizes the fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy Fuzzy Order of Comparison (FOC) methods to identify and weigh the factors of agile thinking. In the first step, 17 main factors were identified through a review of literature and previous studies. These factors included characteristics such as flexibility, continuous learning, failure management, and continuous improvement. Then, using a fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, which was provided to 10 experts in the wood and furniture industry, the factors were confirmed and prioritized. In the fuzzy Delphi process, linguistic terms and triangular fuzzy numbers were used to analyze the data, and after two rounds, 12 factors were finally confirmed. In the next step, the fuzzy FOC method was employed to weigh these factors. This method, using fuzzy pairwise comparisons and analysis of defined constraints in the model, calculated the final weights of the factors. All calculations were performed using LINGO 18 software.Results: Flexibility, with a weight of 33.5%, was identified as the most important factor. This factor includes sub-factors such as open-mindedness, adequate information, and adaptability to changes, which play a vital role in responding quickly to environmental changes. Failure management, with a weight of 32.8%, was also a prominent factor and includes components such as accepting failure and constructive criticism, which help in learning from past experiences. Learning new skills (18.2%) focusing on in-service training, digital infrastructure, and skill development enhances the capabilities of employees and organizations. Continuous improvement (15.6%), including time management, strengthening accountability, and creating a trust-based environment, contributes to increasing productivity and quality of organizational processes. Data analysis revealed that flexibility and failure management, especially in dynamic industrial environments like the wood industry, play crucial roles in organizational success. Additionally, employee training and fostering a culture of continuous learning are effective tools for adapting to rapid technological and market changes.Conclusion: The findings suggest that strengthening the agile mindset, including flexibility, continuous learning, and failure management, can enhance agility in Iran’s wood industry and improve its competitiveness in domestic and international markets. These results emphasize the importance of investing in employee training, developing digital infrastructure, and promoting a culture of accepting failure. Moreover, implementing these approaches can improve organizational performance, increase sustainability, and accelerate the transformation of this industry, paving the way for sustainable growth.

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Research Paper

Investigating the resistance and barrier properties of bio nano composite films of Carboxymethyl chitosan/ Guar gum/ Nanocrystalline cellulose

bardia sodeifi; Seyed Hassan Sharifi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.368144.1791

Abstract

Background and objectives: The use of polymers with petroleum derivatives in the packaging industry has caused environmental problems due to their non-biodegradability. Development of active and biodegradable packaging is possible by coating biopolymers on packaging materials. In this research, we tried ... Read More Background and objectives: The use of polymers with petroleum derivatives in the packaging industry has caused environmental problems due to their non-biodegradability. Development of active and biodegradable packaging is possible by coating biopolymers on packaging materials. In this research, we tried to use biodegradable materials that are easily decomposed after use in the environment. In this regard, the effect of different treatments with Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh), purified Guar gum (PGG) and Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) on resistance and barrier properties.Methodology: Carboxymethyl chitosan powder and purified Guar gum were dissolved separately in distilled water along with glycerol (40% by weight of biopolymers) as softener. Then the bio composite solutions were heated on a magnetic stirrer for 120 and 90 minutes until the biopolymers were completely dissolved. At the end, they were kept in a static state for 30 minutes to cool down and remove the air bubbles completely. Also, Nanocrystal cellulose suspension (3, 6 and 9% compared to biopolymers) prepared by dissolving in distilled water by ultrasonic device for 3 minutes was added to bio composite solution with mixed ratios (30:70, 50:50 and 70:30) was added and the final suspension was heated on a magnetic stirrer for 120 minutes and it was completely dissolved. Then, in order to cool down and remove the air bubbles completely, it was put in a static state for 30 minutes. At the end, we centrifuged it and let it stand still for 2 minutes to completely remove the air bubbles. Finally, 25 grams of gel was poured into a polystyrene petri dish with a diameter of 10 cm and the petri dishes were placed in an oven at 50 °C for 24 hours. Also, the morphological tests of Carboxymethyl chitosan and bio Nano composite films and the resistance and barrier characteristics of the treatments were studied.Results: The results of measuring the resistance characteristics of biopolymer films showed that with the increase of Nanocrystal cellulose up to the level of 6%, the tensile strength of the treatments increased significantly, and the highest amount was related to the films CMCh/PGG/NCC (50/50/6%). is Also, with the increase of cellulose Nanocrystals up to the level of 9% due to the accumulation of Nanocrystal particles in one area, the tensile strength of bio nano composites decreased. Also, due to the origin of its crystallinity, cellulose Nanocrystals led to the brittleness and reduced flexibility of the treatments to reduce the Elongation at break of bio nano composite films. The solubility of bio composite films has decreased by adding NCC to the biopolymer matrix due to the establishment of hydrogen interactions between the components of this matrix with nanoparticles at different levels, and the lowest water Solubility is related to the films CMCh/PGG/NCC (50/50/6%). The water vapor permeability of the treatments decreased by adding NCC to the CMCh/PGG matrix due to reasons such as the crystalline structure and the hydrophobic nature of cellulose fibers, the reduction of pores and the reduction of the diffusion coefficient of vapor molecules, and the best impermeability was obtained by films CMCh/PGG/NCC (50/50/6%) because of uniform dispersion of nanoparticles.Conclusion: According to the results, by adding cellulose Nanocrystals to the composite suspension; Tensile strength, resistance to water solubility and impermeability to water vapor of the films increased and only their Elongation at break decreased and the best resistance and barrier properties of bio nano composites produced in the presence of 6% Nanocrystalline cellulose were obtained.

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Research Paper

Modification of kraft pulp fibers by acid oxidation method

Arman Sadafi Ardejani; Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody; Pyam ghorbannezhad sorkhkolaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.367997.1790

Abstract

سابقه و هدف: الیاف سلولزی به دلیـل داشـتن گروههای اسیدی که در هنگام پخت شـیمیایی و رنگبـری خمیر ایجاد شده است، تا حدودی خاصـیت آنیـونی دارد. این گروههای اسیدی ممکن است ... Read More سابقه و هدف: الیاف سلولزی به دلیـل داشـتن گروههای اسیدی که در هنگام پخت شـیمیایی و رنگبـری خمیر ایجاد شده است، تا حدودی خاصـیت آنیـونی دارد. این گروههای اسیدی ممکن است گروههای کربوکسیلیک (COOH) باشد که در مقایسه با گروههای هیدروکسیل موجود بر کربوهیدراتهای مواد لیگنوسلولزی از فعالیت و واکنش پذیری بیشتری برخوردار می باشند. چنانچه اگر بتوان تعداد این گروهها را بر روی سطح الیاف افزایش داد می توان در جهت بهبود مقاومت کاغذهای نهایی اقدام نمود. این تحقیق به منظور اصلاح ویژگیهای خمیرکاغذ کرافت چوکا با استفاده از روش اکسیداسیون اسیدی با کمک ماده شیمیایی پروکسید هیدروژن انجام شد. مواد و روشها: در این تحقیق از خمیرکاغذ کرافت، که از کارخانه چوکا تهیه شده بود، بعنوان ماده اولیه استفاده شد. در این راستا، ابتدا خمیرهای کرافت با استفاده از پروکسید هیدروژن به نسبت‌های 1، 3، 5 و 10 درصد در دمای 85 درجه ستنتیگراد، زمان 90 دقیقه، pH=4 و درصد خشکی 5/2 درصد مورد تیمار اکسیداسیون اسیدی قرار گرفتند. در پایان این مرحله، خمیرها با آب مقطر به طور کامل شستشو داده شده و برای مراحل بعدی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. سپس ویژگی‌های ساختاری الیاف نظیر عدد کاپا، WRV، گروههای کربوکسیل، ویسکوزیته و آنالیز FT-IR مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و با نمونه شاهد کرافت کارخانه مقایسه شدند. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل آماری این پژوهش از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد و داده‌ها بصورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی با استفاده از تکنیک تجزیه واریانس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. مقایسه بین نمونه‌ها و تیمارهای مختلف بر اساس گروه بندی میانگین‌ها و به روش آزمون دانکن در سطح اطمینان 5/99 درصد صورت پذیرفت.نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که خمیرکاغذهای اکسید شده تا مصرف 3% پروکسید دارای کمترین کاپا، گروههای کربوکسیل و ویسکوزیته و بیشترین WRV بوده‌اند. افزایش مصرف پروکسید در غلظت بیشتر از 3% باعث افزایش عدد کاپا، گروههای کربوکسیل و ویسکوزیته گردیده است و در عوض با افت WRV مواجه گردیده اند. این تغییرات توسط ارزیابیهای FT-IR نیز تائید گردید. علت کاهش عدد کاپا تا غلظت 3% بدلیل خروج لیگنین از دیواره الیاف و دلیل افزایش آن در غلظتهای بیشتر از 3% پروکسید، احتمالا به ایجاد گروههای هگزورونیک اسیدی حین عملیات اکسیداسیون بر می گردد که معمولا اندازه گیری کاپا را با خطا مواجه می نمایند. بعلاوه خروج لیگنین باعث بهبود ویژگی WRV الیاف و بیشتر از آن باعث کاهش این ویژگی شده است. محتوای گروهای کربوکسیل برای هر دو شرایط قلیایی و اسیدی، کم و بیش بدون تغییر بنظر می رسند که این موضوع در کربن شماره 6 بیشتر آلدئیدها به گروههای کربوکسیل تبدیل شده ودر کربنهای 2 و 3 اکسیداسیون غالبا باعث تشکیل کتون ها می شود. از طرف دیگر به نظر می رسد که با افزایش گروههای کربوکسیل در تیمارهای بالای 3% منجر به افزایش وزن ملکولی سلولز شده که این امر باعث افزایش ویسکوزیته گردیده است.نتیجه گیری: ارزیابی نتایج نشان داد که اکسیداسیون پروکسید هیدروژن اسیدی باعث اصلاح و بهبود ویژگیهای خمیرکاغذ کرافت گردیده که اثرات آن بر روی ویژگیهای کاغذهای نهایی مثبت پیش بینی می شود. در این ارتباط، تیمارهای 1 و 3 درصد اکسیداسیون اسیدی با پروکسید هیدروژن برای تولید کاغذ مناسبتر به نظر می رسد.

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Research Paper

The effect of heat treatment on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard produced from garden wood pruning - industrial wood particles

Morteza Ghanbari; vahid vaziri; farshid faraji; loya jamalirad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2025.367890.1789

Abstract

Background and objective: While wood serves as an excellent renewable building resources, it does have some disadvantages, including its deterioration when exposed to outdoor conditions and its dimensional instability due to fluctuations in relative humidity in the surrounding environment. Heat treatment ... Read More Background and objective: While wood serves as an excellent renewable building resources, it does have some disadvantages, including its deterioration when exposed to outdoor conditions and its dimensional instability due to fluctuations in relative humidity in the surrounding environment. Heat treatment can enhance the dimensional stability of panel products, such as particleboard, fiberboard, and OSB. Because during the heat treatment process, numerous chemical transformations take place, including the esterification of hydroxyl groups and the reduction of hemicellulose along with the number of accessible OH groups within the wood. The main objective of this research was to assess the effect of steam pretreatment of garden wood pruning - wood particles on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard.Materials and methods: Industrial wood particles from Sanate Choube Shomal Company were used. The ratio of wood chips to garden wood pruning was used at level of 70:30. Heat pretreatment was conducted on the wood particles at a temperature of 180 °C with three different retention times (15, 30, and 45 minutes). Urea formaldehyde resin was applied at a 10 percent level based on the dry weight of the raw material as well as ammonium chloride was used as a catalyst at a 2 percent level of the dry weight of the adhesive. After the heat treatment and the mixing processes, the raw materials were formed into a mat at temperature of 160 °C for 5 minutes under a hot press. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated according to European standards set of EN. The analysis of the Physical and mechanical properties of the panels was performed using variance analysis at a 95% probability level. Results: The results showed that the boards made from treated particles with a 45 minute treatment duration exhibited the highest bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding. Since heat treatment softens and ramification of lignin and crystallization of cellulose ratio increases, which improves the strength of the board. . Thickness swelling and water absorption of the boards were significantly improved with increased treatment duration. The main reason for dimensional stability can be attributed reduction of hemicellulose content and hydroxyl groups within the wood component.Conclusion: Based on the finding of this research, heat treatment significantly improved the dimensional stability of the boards. Bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding in the treated samples displayed the highest measured values. In comparison to the properties of the boards produced by EN standards, the treated boards at 30 minute and 45 minute duration demonstrated the potential to produce particleboards with desirable attributes suitable for interior fitments board (Type P2) for application in dry conditions.Based on the finding of this research, heat treatment significantly improved the dimensional stability of the boards. Bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bonding in the treated samples displayed the highest measured values. In comparison to the properties of the boards produced by EN standards, the treated boards at 30 minute and 45 minute duration demonstrated the potential to produce particleboards with desirable attributes suitable for interior fitments board (Type P2) for application in dry conditions.

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