Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Science Research

Editorial

Volume 39 Issue 1 Spring - Serial Number 86

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.130931

Abstract

Research Paper Chemical conversion

Preparation of adsorbent from recycle newspaper and removal of metal ions from the pulp and paper mills wastewater

Khadijeh Khorram Margavi; Noureddin Nazarnezhad; Seyd Majid Zabihzadeh

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024, Pages 1-11

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2023.360347.1735

Abstract

Background and objectives: Contamination in pulp mill wastewater and subsequently surface and underground water sources contamination with heavy metals is one of the most important problems which threatens the health of human being and other creatures. These metals penetrate and pollute the soil and ... Read More Background and objectives: Contamination in pulp mill wastewater and subsequently surface and underground water sources contamination with heavy metals is one of the most important problems which threatens the health of human being and other creatures. These metals penetrate and pollute the soil and water. In this regard, this study investigated and determined heavy metals in the pulp mill wastewater before and after the wastewater treatment process. In this study the newspaper adsorbent was prepared and the efficiency of the adsorbent in the adsorption of copper, lead and cadmium metals was studied.Methodology: The adsorption experiments were performed to investigate the effect of the time of contact of the newspaper adsorbent and metals, and dose of the adsorbent. For this purpose, waste newspapers were first treated with sodium bicarbonate for one hour and then refluxed with 5% disodium hydrogen phosphate for 4 hours at 100 degrees Celsius and finally washed. Aqueous solutions with an initial concentration of 30 ppm for three metals lead, copper and cadmium were prepared by diluting the standard solution with distilled water. A specific amount of adsorbent was added to 10 ml of each solution and stirred in a mechanical shaker for specific times. Then they were filtered by filter paper purified and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopic device. After drying, the solid phase of the wastewater sample was subjected to acid digestion with nitric acid at a ratio of one to five. Then, the digested samples were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrometer after washing.Results: The results of wastewater analysis in the basins before and after treatment showed that the amount of lead, copper and cadmium in the wastewater before treatment were 0.2129, 0.5983 and 0.0004 ppm, respectively. The amount of metals after the treatment process was 0.0469, 0.134 and 0.0001 ppm for lead, copper and cadmium, respectively. Also, according to the results, taking into account that the absorption rate was high and the same in the amount of absorbent used and the treatment times; the amount and time of the desired treatment in this experiment were not effective factors in the amount of metal absorption. Conclusion: The newspaper adsorbent is a good adsorbent for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions due to high absorption capacity and low cost, which make the newspaper a potential adsorbent for the removal and wastewater treatment of the heavy metals. According to the results, the dosage and time of treatment with the newspaper adsorbent were not effective factors in metal removal.

Research Paper Management and Economics wood

Effective indicators for the stability of a stable supply chain model in the cellulosic industry by Vickor method.

Meisam Mehri Charvadeh; Shademan Pourmousa; Ajang Tajdini; Abbas Tamjidi; Vahid reza ُSafdari

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024, Pages 12-26

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2022.357861.1711

Abstract

Background and purpose: Cellulosic industry organizations try to establish appropriate strategies to perform the main production processes and provide services to customers by improving productivity and reducing costs. Environmental concerns, energy scarcity, depletion of natural resources, and increased ... Read More Background and purpose: Cellulosic industry organizations try to establish appropriate strategies to perform the main production processes and provide services to customers by improving productivity and reducing costs. Environmental concerns, energy scarcity, depletion of natural resources, and increased competition among organizations have made the study of a sustainable supply chain cost-effective for market success. The purpose of this study is to identify effective indicators for a stable supply chain sustainability model in the cellulosic industry with multi-objective decision making methods.Research Method: The present study is an exploratory research in terms of orientation, applied and in terms of method, quantitative-qualitative, which has used the data theory strategy of the foundation. The data collection tool in the qualitative section aimed at identifying the components and sub-components of stable supply chain sustainability, in-depth and semi-structured interviews with purposive sampling method. In the quantitative part of the research, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed. The obtained data were used to measure variables and weight by Vickor and Shannon entropy methods.Results: Eleven main components and thirty sub-components were identified by qualitative studies for stable supply chain stability. By examining the relationships and ranking of indices using quantitative methods, green storage indices with a numerical value of 0.133 and continuous improvement with a numerical value of 0.134 were considered as the top components. According to the Vickor index, the components of green warehousing, quality improvement, economic stability, intra-organizational pressures, information technology capabilities, company commitment and strategy, logistics optimization, social values, institutional pressures, strategic supplier cooperation and environmental protection, respectively. Stable supply chain stability affects the cellulose industry.Conclusion : Due to the shortest distance to achieve sustainability in green warehousing and quality improvement, cellulose industry organizations in the country can use the results of this study to increase productivity and reduce organizational costs ......

Research Paper Chemical conversion

Effect of fermentation pretreatment and extraction on the acoustic properties of Ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior)

Zahra Daeepour; amir lashgari; Mehran Roohnia; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Vahid Safdari

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024, Pages 27-40

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2023.361567.1750

Abstract

Background and objectives: Nowadays, the importance of treatments such as water washing and ethanol-acetone washing to improve the acoustic properties of wood has been noticed by the makers of musical instruments. Wood extractives are in the list of those materials that often do not have a construction ... Read More Background and objectives: Nowadays, the importance of treatments such as water washing and ethanol-acetone washing to improve the acoustic properties of wood has been noticed by the makers of musical instruments. Wood extractives are in the list of those materials that often do not have a construction role, and their purposeful and correct evacuation can lighten the wood without reducing the stiffness. Carrying out pre-treatments such as fermentation with bread yeast (before water washing and ethanol-acetone washing processes) can lead to the extraction of more extractable substances from wood. In this study, the effect of water washing and ethanol-acetone washing treatments as well as fermentation pre-treatment on the acoustic properties of Ash wood (Fraxinus excelsior) has been investigated.Methodology: Ash wood species (Fraxinus excelsior) was prepared from the wood of a commercial timber and 38 small radial beams with nominal dimensions of 150×12×2 mm (longitudinal×radial×tangential) were extracted from the hardwood. After reaching the equilibrium humidity of 12% in air-conditioned conditions, the selected samples were subjected to the forced vibration test in the free-free beam in order to measure the basic physical and acoustic characteristics. After that, the initial tests were randomly divided into two groups of 19 tests. The first group without pretreatment and the second group with fermentation pretreatment were placed in the process of removing the extractives by water and then by ethanol-acetone mixture. After each step of water washing and removing the extractive substances soluble in ethanol-acetone mixture, the forced vibration test in the free-free beam was performed on the samples and the acoustic properties of the samples were measured.Results: Water washing without pretreatment with bread yeast caused a slight decrease and with pretreatment, it caused a significant decrease in density values (respectively: 1.75 and 7.39%). While the process of removing extractives (with and without pretreatment) by ethanol-acetone mixture caused a significant decrease in density values (Respectively: 2.27 and 8.71%). The modulus of elasticity values showed a significant decrease due to water washing without pretreatment and with pretreatment. (Respectively: 11.37 and 16.47%). The process of removing the extractives by ethanol-acetone mixture also resulted in a significant decrease in the modulus of elasticity values in untreated and pretreated samples (Respectively: 13.87 and 20.93%). Water washing without pre-treatment with bread yeast and with pre-treatment has caused a significant decrease in the values of damping factor, among which the pre-treated samples had a greater percentage of drop in the values of damping factor (Respectively: 13/87 and 20.93%). The process of removing the extractive materials by ethanol-acetone mixture as washing has caused a significant decrease in the damping factor values, which among the pre-treated samples showed a greater percentage drop in the values resulting from this property (Respectively: 3.03 and 18.01%). In this factor, the process of removing the extractive substances soluble in ethanol-acetone mixture (with and without pretreatment) has resulted in a greater drop in damping values (respectively: 6.67% and 20.85%). Acoustic conversion efficiency due to water washing process without pretreatment with baker's yeast caused a slight increase, while pretreatment caused a significant increase in acoustic conversion efficiency values (Respectively: 0.44 and 25.24%). The process of removing extractive materials by ethanol-acetone mixture also caused a significant increase in the acoustic conversion efficiency values, which among the pre-treated samples showed a higher growth percentage in the values of this characteristic (Respectively: 3.41 and 28.90%). Both water washing methods and ethanol-acetone mixture washing were effective in improving the physical (density) and acoustic properties (modulus-elasticity, damping and acoustic conversion efficiency). Meanwhile, the effect of ethanol-acetone mixture washing was more than the effect of water washing. Fermentation pretreatment with bread yeast improved the performance of water washing and ethanol-acetone mixture washing treatments.

Research Paper Pulp and paper

The use of Thyme extract (Zataria Multiflora) to make antibacterial food packaging paper

Amir Hosein Ghasemi; Noureddin Nazarnezhad; Shaghaygh Rezanezhad; Seed Hasan Sharifi

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024, Pages 41-54

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.360681.1738

Abstract

Background and objectives: Some medicinal herb extracts have the antibacterial capability. On the other hand, herb extract is one of the organic, natural, and environmentally friendly substances. In recent years, the production of environmental and safe packaging materials has attracted the attention ... Read More Background and objectives: Some medicinal herb extracts have the antibacterial capability. On the other hand, herb extract is one of the organic, natural, and environmentally friendly substances. In recent years, the production of environmental and safe packaging materials has attracted the attention of scientists and industrialists. Paper is one of the biodegradable and less cost options for packaging in various industries, including the food industry. Also, the raw materials of paper can be modified and changed with different materials. As a result, paper fibers can be treated with herb extracts and used in the production of renewable papers with antibacterial properties.Methodology: In this research, thyme (Zataria Multiflora) was used for extraction. The thyme obtained from the research farm was dried and then powdered. Powdered thyme was treated via ultrasonication. In this method, two amplitudes of 40 and 60 amplitudes and three time levels of 3, 6, and 9 minutes were used for extraction. Then the papers were treated with herbal extract prepared in two amounts of 15 and 20% based on the dry weight of the paper by spraying. The antibacterial properties of the papers were investigated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The chemical structure of materials extracted from the thyme extract investigated by fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) analysis. Also, gas chromatography (GC-MASS) analysis was used to investigate the components of thyme extract. The optical properties of the paper, including brightness and opacity, and the strengths properties of the produced papers were measured by tensile, tear, and burst strengths.Results: The highest inhibition zone diameter in the treated paper with the thyme extracted by ultrasonic method was 20 mm in 40 amplitude and 9 minutes for Escherichia coli bacteria. Also, the highest inhibition zone diameter for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 14 mm in 60 amplitude and 6 minutes. According to the results of the papers analysis, the papers showed better antibacterial properties and higher inhibition zone against the Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical compounds in the thyme extract including various substances such as hexane and furans. The most important chemical components that caused the antibacterial properties of the papers is carvenone, which was observed in the thyme extract. The results of the strength test of the treated papers showed that the sample of the thyme extracted by the ultrasonic method at 40 amplitudes, 3 minutes, and the 20% consumption amount based on the dry weight of the paper has the highest tensile and burst index. As well as, the highest tear index of the treated papers was in the treated sample with the thyme extracted at 60 amplitudes, 3 minutes, and 15% consumption amount based on the dry weight of the paper. The results of the optical tests showed that the opacity of the papers decreased and the brightness increased.Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the paper as a biodegradable and environmentally friendly material has the ability to be treated with herbal and natural antibacterial materials such as the thyme extract. Also, the herbal extracts are a suitable alternative to inorganic and metallic materials in the production of materials with antibacterial properties due to the herbal extracts are cheap, available and natural materials.

Pulp and Paper Pulp and paper

The Effect of nano-Chitosan, nano-Cellulose and DTPA Spray on the Optical Properties of Paper Obtained from Chemical-mechanical Pulp (CMP)

Ramin Vaysi; Iesa Rezazadeh; S. ESHAGH EBADI

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024, Pages 55-71

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.364606.1766

Abstract

Background and aim: Today, with the increase in population, increasing demand for paper, as well as greater restrictions on raw materials, the production of pulp from high-yield pulps and mechanical pulps has found a special place. These pulps have a high yield greater than 85%, but due to the presence ... Read More Background and aim: Today, with the increase in population, increasing demand for paper, as well as greater restrictions on raw materials, the production of pulp from high-yield pulps and mechanical pulps has found a special place. These pulps have a high yield greater than 85%, but due to the presence of lignin, extracts, and metal ions, their use is limited to short-term usage, as in the long run they suffer from brightness reversion and photo-yellowing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan spray on the optical properties of chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP). Materials and methods: For this purpose, first, a quantity of bleached chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) was selected as a control sample from ‎Mazandaran wood and paper industry.‎ Papers with a base weight of 60 gr/m2 were prepared from the mentioned paper pulp. In this study, the nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) was purchased from Nano Novin Polymer Co. (Sari, Iran), which was prepared from softwood alpha cellulose pulp with an average fiber diameter of 32 nm. The NFC was loaded at 2% by spraying onto papersheets. Nanochitosan (“Seafresh”, Thailand), obtained from exoskeletons of crustaceans, with a deacetylation degree of 93% and a molecular weight of 270 kDa was used. Nanochitosan was loaded at 1 and 2% of the dry pulp weight. Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) was prepared from DIPER-Samchun (South Korea), with a 50% solid content and 25 cps viscosity. To spray the DTPA onto the paper surface, 0.5% DTPA was prepared. To prepare samples for the surface modification, paper sheets with a basis weight of 60 g/m2 were made. Then, 0.5% DTPA, 2% nanochitosan, and 2% nanocellulose were sprayed separately on the papersheets. In addition, another treatment named mixed-solution (containing 0.5 % DTPA + 2% nanochitosan + 2% nanocellulose) was sprayed onto the handsheets. The spraying time and distance were 20 s and 20 cm, respectively, and the treatment process was named “spray-coated”. Then, the optical properties (brightness, opacity, yellowness, and greenness) of the hand-‎sheets were measured according to ASTM and TAPPI standard methods. ‎Results:The results showed that by DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan spray in the handsheet paper, brightness, yellowness, greenness, L* factor, and the opacity increased and the a* factor decreased. By spraying nano-cellulose on the test samples, most of the optical properties were significantly improved except for the yellowness of the hand-sheet paper. In addition, the most appropriate properties were observed in the paper obtained from DTPA spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan on hand-sheet papers. Therefore, it has caused a very sensible increase and improvement in all the optical properties, which can be selected and suggested as the best treatment. The evaluation results of the brightness reversion of the hand-sheet paper from CMP pulp showed that most of the treatments led to a relative reduction of the return of the paper brightness. On the other hand, the lowest and highest brightness return values in the hand-sheet paper were obtained from 0.5% DTPA spray and nano-chitosan spray, respectively. The evaluation results of the SEM images of the test samples compared to the control sample showed that the hand-sheet paper with nano-chitosan and nano-cellulose spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan had more favorable surface and structural properties. The existence of less empty spaces (cavity) and more overlap of fibers in the test samples can be a reason for the higher quality of the properties, as well.Conclusion:The results showed that by spraying nanocellulose, nano- chitosan and DTPA on the test samples, the optical properties, brightness, greenness, opacity, a* factor, l* factor , yellowness and brightness ‎‎durability improved. In ‎addition, among the various treatments, the DTPA treatment in long-term thermal aging and the use of nano-chitosan and nano-cellulose in the short-term aging had noticeable effects on brightness ‎‎durability and decrease in the color reversion. As a result, there was an increase in the durability of the paper ‎against thermal deterioration.

Research Paper Chemistry of wood

Identification of Walnut Tree Leaves Extractives Chemical Composition and the Effect of Growth Time

Mohammad Reza Sabzehparvar; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Shademan Pourmousa

Volume 39, Issue 1 , March 2024, Pages 71-82

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2023.360898.1742

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Plant extractives show unique properties. They impart colors and change the color of wood and generates attractive appearance. Since early days, societies have been utilizing plant extractives in industrial, medical and even as fungicides and biocides. In early times ... Read More Background and Objectives: Plant extractives show unique properties. They impart colors and change the color of wood and generates attractive appearance. Since early days, societies have been utilizing plant extractives in industrial, medical and even as fungicides and biocides. In early times this application was based on the professional experiences, but as the sciences were advanced, then the technical and experimental identification and utilization was employed. In general, people look at walnut tree wood and fruit as its economic values. However, scientific research has proved the values of walnut tree extractives. In this study the chemical composition of walnut tree extractives and its variation in two periods of spring and summer as well as the impact of the drying on quantity and quality of the extractive components are investigated.Methodology: Walnut tree leaves from a selected location of an old walnut tree (100 years old) in mountain region of Karaj were collected in spring and summer. One part of the samples was air dried and another portion was used at green moisture condition. Totally four samples were obtained. Ethanol-acetone extraction was according to Tappi T204-05 procedure. The extractive was identified using GC-MASS spectroscopy and the chemical components in the extractives were identified and tabulated. Results: The results revealed that the dried leaves contain fewer chemical compounds compared to green samples which can be an indication that some of the compounds in green sample are volatile and vaporize upon drying. Furthermore, the extractives chemical composition and content varies between spring and summer samples. The major chemical compounds identified were 2-methylneptaline, tri-decan, tetradecan, 2,3-dimethyl naptaline and methylcyclobenzen.Conclusion: The results indicated the seasonal variation of walnut tree extractives. These is also considerable variation in wet and dry samples which can be attributed to the presence of volatile compounds. The odor of walnut leaves is the consequence of existence of such volatile extractives. The absence of some of the compounds in summer samples indicate the seasonal changes of the extractives.

Pulp and paper

Identify the Chemical Composition of Tobacco Stem Wood Extractives (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Coker 347') by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry

Seyyed Peyman Hashemi Beygzadmahalleh; Seyyed Pedram Hashemi Beygzadmahalleh; Asghar Tabei

Volume 29, SPRING 1 , May 2014, , Pages 66-57

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2014.4907

Abstract

Tobacco (Nicotianan tabacum) and an old industrial plant in the north, Iran to supply tobacco leaf to produce significant amounts of stem tobacco cultivation and the annual production is in the north of the country. In this research stems of tobacco variety Coker 347 randomly Gilan district, city of ... Read More

Composite wood products

Investigation on the possibility of oriented strand board (OSB) production from hornbeam wood

Abbas Tamjidi; Mohamad Mehdi Faezipour; Habibollah Khademi Eslam; Ghanbar Ebrahimi; Kazem DoosthoseinI

Volume 34, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 140-156

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2019.125254.1523

Abstract

DOR:98.1000/1735-0913.1398.34.140.66.1.9.1586 In this study, the possibility of three-layered oriented strand board production from hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) wood was evaluated. Two levels of press time (6 and 8 minutes) and three levels of press temperature (180˚C, 200˚C and 220˚C) were applied ... Read More

Dielectric properties of oil impregnated kraft and soda pulps

kezhal Moradyan Gilan; Mohammad Azad fallah; Amir abbas Shayghani akmal; Ali Abdolkhani

Volume 28, Summer 2 , June 2013, , Pages 329-340

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2013.2937

Abstract

This research was carried out with the aim of determining dielectric properties of bagasse unbleached soda pulp, long fiber kraft pulp and a mixture of both (20% kraft + 80% bagasse soda).The hand-sheets with 60 g/m2 basis weight were made after adjusting the freeness of pulps at levels of 200 ± ... Read More

Chemical conversion

Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Grapevine Branches (Vitis vinifera spp.) Grown in Astara

Seyyed Pedram Hashemi Beygzadmahalleh; Seyyed Peyman Hashemi Beygzadmahalleh; Asghar Tabei

Volume 30, WINTER 4 , December 2015, , Pages 525-537

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2015.102670

Abstract

This study has been conducted to determine morphological characteristics of fibers and amount of chemical components of grapevine branches cultivated in Astara in province of Guilan. For this purpose the number of 53 branches, with same size and diameter, were cut from some grapevine and sent to laboratory ... Read More

Pulp and paper

Use of Central Composite Design for Optimization of ultrasonic pre-treatment parameters on chemical deinking of old newspaper

Seyed Hassan Sharifi; nouredin Nazarnezhad

Volume 33, Issue 4 , February 2019, , Pages 489-500

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2018.122366.1480

Abstract

To reuse recycled cellulosic fibers in paper production, contaminated particles and other impurities of the fibers can be greatly removed using a de-inking stage which is considered as a supplementary step in waste paper recycling technology. The effect of using ultrasonic pretreatment on the deinking ... Read More

Management and Economics Wood Management and Economics wood

The effect of marketing capabilities, innovation and learning ability of employees on the performance of wooden office furniture companies

Amir Reza Taheri; Abbas Tamjidi; Ajang Tajdini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 May 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2022.357201.1706

Abstract

In this research, the effect of marketing capabilities, innovations, learning of employees on the performance of wooden office furniture companies with the approach of structural equations has been investigated. The statistical population of this research consists of managers and engineers working in ... Read More In this research, the effect of marketing capabilities, innovations, learning of employees on the performance of wooden office furniture companies with the approach of structural equations has been investigated. The statistical population of this research consists of managers and engineers working in wooden office furniture companies located in industrial towns in Tehran and Alborz provinces. Sampling method was classified and Crecy-Morgan table was used to determine the sample size (92 people). Initial effective indicators were selected by studying the available sources and the conceptual model of the research considering the performance of the organization (company) as a dependent variable and marketing, innovation and learning variables as independent variables. The main tool for collecting information for this research was a questionnaire. Correlation and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling based on partial least squares method were used to investigate the research hypotheses and analyze the structural relationships between variables. The results showed that innovation, marketing and learning capabilities had a positive effect on the performance of wooden furniture companies. In addition, these capabilities complement 96.9% of the changes in the dependent variable of the company's performance. The results of the model quality evaluation index show that marketing capability (strong effect), innovation capability (medium effect), learning capability (weak effect) have the greatest impact on company performance. Finally, the results of this study remind the various companies producing wood furniture industry products that are constantly looking to export their goods that, unlike the somewhat non-competitive domestic market, to compete with other companies in target markets, should try. Due to factors such as marketing, innovation and learning, improve products quality, reduce costs and ultimately increase company performance.

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Research Paper Physics and Mechanical Wood

Evaluation of the local dynamic modulus of elasticity in wooden tie by the stress wave method

Ebrahim Khosravi; Amir Lashgari; Mehran Roohnia; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Ajang Tajdini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2023.361802.1751

Abstract

From the limitations of detecting the amount of useful life remaining in the components of the structures in the conditions of use with acoustic methods is the impossibility of calculating the modulus of elasticity due to the impossibility of removing the part from the structure. Therefore, most of the ... Read More

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Research Paper Composite wood products

Investigating the reinforcement of parallel chip lumber (PSL) obtained from reed waste and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made of spruce with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)

Haniye Shurvazi; Mohammad Shamsian; Ali Bayatkashkoli; Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghaleno

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.363404.1761

Abstract

This study aims to investigate parallel strand lumber (PSL) made from reed waste and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) obtained from spruce wood with glass fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and epoxy resin. The independent variable was FRP fibers in LVL and PSL and their comparison with the case of not using ... Read More

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Wood Modification and Wood Preservation Wood Modification and Wood Preservation

Transparent coatings performance on weathering resistance of preservative-treated wood

َAmir Mohamad Nahofteh Estarabadi; Davood Rasouli; Taghi Tabarsa; Abolghasem Khazaeian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.364377.1765

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Wood, as an organic material, is susceptible to deterioration by destructive factors such as fungi and insects. One approach to protect against these factors is the treatment of wood with preservatives. The use of waterborne preservatives is common due to the numerous advantages. ... Read More Background and Objectives: Wood, as an organic material, is susceptible to deterioration by destructive factors such as fungi and insects. One approach to protect against these factors is the treatment of wood with preservatives. The use of waterborne preservatives is common due to the numerous advantages. However, when preservative-treated wood is exposed to outdoor environments, it becomes susceptible to weathering and leaching. The use of coatings can be an effective method in this regard. This research investigates the effectiveness of two transparent coatings, acrylic and alkyd, in enhancing the weathering resistance of wood specimens treated with waterborne preservatives. .Methodology: defect-free poplar wood specimens with dimensions of 12×10×2 cm3 (L, T, R) were prepared and then they were treated with preservatives ACC, CCB, and ACQ-C using the full-cell/pressure impregnation method. Subsequently, acrylic and alkyd transparent coatings were applied to the surface of the specimens. After applying the coatings, the specimens were exposed to natural weathering for one year.Results: The results indicated that the type of coating significantly influenced the color and adhesion resistance of specimens. Furthermore, the research findings demonstrated that all specimens experienced color changes and a decrease in coating adhesion resistance due to weathering. Among the coatings, the intensity of color changes and deterioration in specimens with acrylic coatings was higher compared to those with alkyd coatings. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that alkyd coatings exhibited better preservative performance against weathering for preservative-treated wood.. Background and Objectives: Wood, as an organic material, is susceptible to deterioration by destructive factors such as fungi and insects. One approach to protect against these factors is the treatment of wood with preservatives. The use of waterborne preservatives is common due to the numerous advantages. However, when preservative-treated wood is exposed to outdoor environments, it becomes susceptible to weathering and leaching. The use of coatings can be an effective method in this regard. This research investigates the effectiveness of two transparent coatings, acrylic and alkyd, in enhancing the weathering resistance of wood specimens treated with waterborne preservatives. .Methodology: defect-free poplar wood specimens with dimensions of 12×10×2 cm3 (L, T, R) were prepared and then they were treated with preservatives ACC, CCB, and ACQ-C using the full-cell/pressure impregnation method. Subsequently, acrylic and alkyd transparent coatings were applied to the surface of the specimens. After applying the coatings, the specimens were exposed to natural weathering for one year. .Results: The results indicated that the type of coating significantly influenced the color and adhesion resistance of specimens. Furthermore, the research findings demonstrated that all specimens experienced color changes and a decrease in coating adhesion resistance due to weathering. Among the coatings, the intensity of color changes and deterioration in specimens with acrylic coatings was higher compared to those with alkyd coatings.Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that alkyd coatings exhibited better preservative performance against weathering for preservative-treated wood. .Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that alkyd coatings exhibited better preservative performance against weathering for preservative-treated wood. .

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Research Paper Chemistry of wood

Identification and Comparison of the Phenolic Chemical Components in Wood of black Poplar and Poplar trees by GC-MS Methods

Ramin Vaysi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.364731.1767

Abstract

Abstract:Background and aim: As a result of population growth, increase in paper and wood products consumption, and restrictions on using raw materials, producing ligni-culture with black poplar and poplar as fast-growing spices have found their own special status and proponents. The aim of this study ... Read More Abstract:Background and aim: As a result of population growth, increase in paper and wood products consumption, and restrictions on using raw materials, producing ligni-culture with black poplar and poplar as fast-growing spices have found their own special status and proponents. The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of the phenolic chemical components in wood of black poplar (populous nigra) and poplar (populous deltoides) tree. Materials and methods: In this study, three trees from species of planted black poplar and poplar tree were randomly cut down in planted forest region of Nowshar city. Then from each tree were separated three disks, at first wood flour and then extractive measured by TAPPI standards. The wood flour was washed by acetone and extractives residue was added BSTFA reactor. In order to identification of extract, about 1mg solid extracts obtained, mixed with 30 micro liter BSTFA reagent and about 15 micro liter pyridine inside tube test. The samples kept in Ben Marry Bath in 70 oC for an hour and they were analyzed by GC/MS. Then the samples analyzed by using GC/MS on an HP 6890 Gas Chromatograph, equipped with a split/split less injector and a 5973 Mass Selective Detector (MSD). The column oven was programmed as follows: Chromatography was performed on a HP-5MS capillary column (SGE, 30 m, 0.25 mm), kind of carrier gas, Helium with 1ml/min speed and temperature program between 60 – 260 °C, increase temperature 6 °C/min. For the identification of compounds were used GC diagram which shows abundance and retention time of each compound, calculation of quartz index and Adams table. The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of C9 to C19 n-alkanes. For the Identification of compounds were used GC diagram which shows abundance and retention time of each compound, and calculation of quartz index and Adams table. The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of C9 to C19 n-alkanes. I=100n+100(trx-trn)/(trn+1-trn) Where: I: quartz index, n: Carbon number of normal alcan, trn+1: Retention time of unknown compound, trn: Retention time of normal alcan.Results: The result of GC-MS showed that there were 68 and 105 compounds in wood of black poplar and poplar tree, respectively. That di-Limonene (30.26%), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (10.07%), Gamma-Sitosterol (1.06%), Hexadecanoic acid (2.0 %), gamma-Terpinene (4.02%), beta-Myrcene (0.58%), 5-methyl-3-Heptanol (1.35%) and 4-Hydroxy-Benzoic acid (3.62%) were the most important ‎ compounds in wood of poplar tree. There were the Limonene (25.62%), Anymol (5.29%), gamma-Terpinene (3.38%), 1,2-Benzandicarboxylic acid(2.00%), Benzen methanol (0.94%), Agarospirol(0.91%), Tetradecanoic acid(0.19%) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (0.68%) as the most important ‎ compounds in wood of black poplar tree.Conclusion: So that, the gas chromatographs showed that Limonene, Benzene methanol, alpha-Terpineol, beta-Bisabolene, Hexadecanoic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the 7 common compounds in the wood of black poplar and poplar tree, too. These compounds can play an important role in the durability and consumption of these woods.Keywords: Black Poplar, Poplar, Retention time, BSTFA, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry.

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Physics and Mechanical Wood Physics and Mechanical Wood

Studding the physical and mechanical properties of Juglans regia L. from regions of Mashhad and Mako in Iran

mohammad najafianashrafi; ali Heidari; Hamed Jafarzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwpr.2024.364995.1771

Abstract

Studding the physical and mechanical properties of Juglands regia L. from regions of Mashhad and Mako in IranAbstract:Background and goal: walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) are cultivated in many countries in Asia, Europe and United States. This tree has high resistance with beautiful pattern and are used ... Read More Studding the physical and mechanical properties of Juglands regia L. from regions of Mashhad and Mako in IranAbstract:Background and goal: walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) are cultivated in many countries in Asia, Europe and United States. This tree has high resistance with beautiful pattern and are used in furniture industry, building panels, flooring and covering. Iran are ranked third in the world in the production of walnut fruit after China and US. Thus, with considering high production of this tree in Iran and its diverse application in different industries, a comprehensive studding for physical and mechanical properties of this species in different regions of Iran seems necessary.Materials and methods: Walnut tree (Juglands regia L.) from two different regions, one from northeast (Mashhad) and the other from northwest (Mako) of Iran was selected for this study. Three trees from each region were selected randomly and cut with almost with the same diameter for physical and mechanical experiments. Samples also were cut from 2-4 meter from the ground. ISO 3129 and ASTM (D143-14) were used for doing physical and mechanical experiments respectively and at the humidity of 12%. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Graphpad prism version 8 and t-Test was performed for significant difference of data.Results: The average dry density of both Mashhad and Mako walnut wood was 0.625 and 0.579 g/cm3 respectively. There were a significant difference for both tangential shrinkage with values of 9.77 and 8.78 and volumetric shrinkage with measurement of 16.26 and 15.42 in Mashhad and Mako respectively. However, there was no significant difference for longitudinal and radial shrinkage in both walnut wood of the two regions. Walnut wood cut from Mashhad region showed higher physical and mechanical properties. The results of the mechanical characteristics of walnuts from two regions showed bending strength 100.54 and 87.61N/mm2 and elasticity modulus 10049.59 and 7504.21 N/ mm2for Mashhad and Mako regions respectively which were significant. Results also showed not significant difference for compression parallel to the grain with values of 37.91 and 33.88N/mm2, for shear parallel to the grain with values of 9.15 and 8.95N/mm2, for Tensile strength parallel to the grain with 127.97 and 125.83 N/mm2, for Screw withdrawal strength in tangential values of 4031.01 and 3685.97N and Screw withdrawal strength in radial values of 4218.63 and 3915.03N and impact strength with the values of 27.81 and 25.24KJ/m2 for Mashhad and Mako regions respectively. Results also showed that the density of walnut wood in the two regions of Iran was similar to the those in Italy and eastern Europe but the mechanical properties of walnut tree such as bending strength and elasticity modules measured from Mashhad region was similar to the wone in turkey.Conclusion: The results showed that the physical and mechanical resistance of walnut wood located in Mashhad is higher than Mako wood, which was attributed to the higher dry density and the difference in weather conditions. Considering the appropriate mechanical resistance of walnut wood from both regions of Iran, this wood can be used in coating and furniture industries, building panels and flooring.

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