Pulp and paper
Mohsen Mohammadi Achachlouei; Fahimeh Yousefi
Abstract
Paper is a dominant tool that is traditionally used for recording human knowledge and cultural heritage. Paper as organic material is at risk of biodegradation processes by various microorganisms including fungi, which cause irreversible degradation, color modification and instability of the historical ...
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Paper is a dominant tool that is traditionally used for recording human knowledge and cultural heritage. Paper as organic material is at risk of biodegradation processes by various microorganisms including fungi, which cause irreversible degradation, color modification and instability of the historical papers. Thus, the utilization of appropriate conservation methods and restoration treatments to minimize the adverse effects of fungi on historical papers have received great attention. Recently, Benomyl as an antifungal revealed a significant inhibitory effect on the fungal growth on the historical papers. In this study, the effect of Benomyl on gall ink as a popular and important ink used in cultural heritage was investigated. In a first step of the evaluation, the gall ink was prepared based on the historical recipes and then was implemented on surface on filter paper. The prepared samples were dipped into 100 ppm Benomyl-ethanol solution and aged after drying. The effect of Benomyl on gall ink was evaluated by the pH values of aqueous extracts, CIE Colorimetry, paper strengths, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and SEM microscopy. Results indicated that the Benomyl in concentration of 100 ppm had no adverse effect on the gall ink and paper surface. However, dipping of paper in the Benomyl-ethanol solution resulted in a significant loss of paper strengths. In order to overcome this problem, it would be necessary to use a suitable solvent or another technique such as spraying for surface application of Benomyl.
Mahboob abdolalizadeh; Mehrnaz Azadi; Mohsen Mohammadi achzchluei
Abstract
The most of the fungicide that are used to prevent or stop the biological destruction of the historical papers have been used at the first time in domains of science and industrial So thiophanate methyl which is most useful in agriculture, have been tested in repairing and protection ...
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The most of the fungicide that are used to prevent or stop the biological destruction of the historical papers have been used at the first time in domains of science and industrial So thiophanate methyl which is most useful in agriculture, have been tested in repairing and protection of papers and it’s one of the most useful materials in agriculture antifungals.The main aim of this research was assessment of aesthetic and structural effects on paper after treatment by Thiophanate-methyl compound. Experimental method (laboratory experience) and library study wre applied in this research. ATR-FTIR spectra showed that spray of Thiophanate-methyl on paper did not produce any degradation effect. The compound had not changed aesthetical properties and pH values. Tensile strength of paper did not reduce due to the treatment. This indicates nondestructive effects of Thiophanate-methyl on paper which signifies its great capability for application in conservation and restoration of paper.
Pulp and paper
Javaher Chabavizadeh; Hossein Ahmadi; Mohsen Mohammadi achachlouei; mahshid shirdavani
Abstract
Paper relics have historical, artistic and scientific values in the human cultural heritage viewpoint. Given the importance of this material, its preservation is a matter of great interest. Biodeterioration and specially fungi are one of main decay factors of cellulose structure of paper. The aim of ...
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Paper relics have historical, artistic and scientific values in the human cultural heritage viewpoint. Given the importance of this material, its preservation is a matter of great interest. Biodeterioration and specially fungi are one of main decay factors of cellulose structure of paper. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Benomyl for Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus Terreus, Penicillium and Cladosporium isolated from infected papers and manuscripts. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to benomyl also been compared with each other. Fungal genera were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of isolated samples by using slide culture method and optical microscope disk diffusion method was used In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of Benomyl alcohol treatments on paper. ASTM D 2020-92 Standard Test Methods for Mildew were used to assess fungal resistance of treated paper. These test methods cover the qualitative determination of mildew (fungus) resistance of paper and paperboard, particularly those types which have been given a fungus resistant treatment. The results showed that all tested fungi are sensitive to Benomyl and Benomyl alcohol treatment prevents the growth of isolates on paper. Penicillium has the least MIC 12/5 ppm, and the highest MIC, 100 ppm, belong to Aspergillus niger. MIC obtained for Aspergillus terreus and Cladosporium was 50 ppm. In all isolates with increasing concentration of ethanolic solution of Benomyl the diameter of colonies in comparison with the control group, decreased And the percentage inhibitionof fungal growth on paper increased the results demonstrarte that the 100 ppm concentration of Benomyl in ethanol can be the lowest concentration necessary to provide an efficient antifungal action.
