Pulp and paper
Noraldin Nazarnezhad; Mohammad taghi Asdolahzadeh
Abstract
This study was investigated the effect of Trametes versicolor on chemimechanical pulp (CMP) delignification. CMP were obtained from Mazanderan wood and paper industries. Circle mats were made from CMP (diameter, 7cm; thickness, 1mm) and fortified with 1g/Lit yeast juice. After sterilized, pulp mats were ...
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This study was investigated the effect of Trametes versicolor on chemimechanical pulp (CMP) delignification. CMP were obtained from Mazanderan wood and paper industries. Circle mats were made from CMP (diameter, 7cm; thickness, 1mm) and fortified with 1g/Lit yeast juice. After sterilized, pulp mats were incubated with tow disks punched from mycelium. The duration of incubate were 5, 10, 15 & 20 days as well as temperature and moisture 25oC and 40%, respectively. Standard hand sheets were made from biodelignification pulp, and was measured mechanical and optical properties. The portion of biodelignification pulp was alkaline extracted under condition of pulp consistency, 10%; temperature, 70oC; time, 80min and 2% sodium hydroxide, and then bleached under conditions of pulp consistency, 10%; temperature, 50oC; time, 60min and 4% hydrogen peroxide. Finally, mechanical and optical properties of standard hand sheet were measured. Results showed optimum time was 10 days that decreased 5.9% lignin. Mechanical properties of treated samples were lower than control samples, but statically were not significant. Optical properties of treated samples were lower than control samples but alkaline extraction and then bleaching with sodium peroxide was increase it.
Pulp and paper
Mohammad Talaeipoor; Habib alah Khademi eslam; Khodadad Malmir chegini
Abstract
Effect of roughness & water absorption of paper and ink characteristics on optical properties was investigated. For this purpose three type of paper and four type of printing ink was used.Then characteristics of paper & ink was measured. Inks on sampled papers Printed and then L, ...
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Effect of roughness & water absorption of paper and ink characteristics on optical properties was investigated. For this purpose three type of paper and four type of printing ink was used.Then characteristics of paper & ink was measured. Inks on sampled papers Printed and then L, a & b was measured. Result indicated that the effect of roughness and water absorption on L, a & b are not significant. But Solid content, PH and particles diameter of four type of ink on L, a & b have significant effect
Physics and anatomy
Ahmad Jahan - Latibari; Fardad Golbabaei; Amir Zyadzadeh; Majid Farzi; Arad Vaziryan
Abstract
Fiber length, diameter and lumen diameter and its distribution is determined. Five stalks were randomly selected and after cleaning, the internodes and nodes of each stalk were separated. Each part was depithed manually and then experimental samples were cut from these depithed parts. ...
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Fiber length, diameter and lumen diameter and its distribution is determined. Five stalks were randomly selected and after cleaning, the internodes and nodes of each stalk were separated. Each part was depithed manually and then experimental samples were cut from these depithed parts. Each sample was defibered according to procedure developed by Franklin, 1954. After defibration, fiber length, diameter and lumen diameter of 30 fibers were measured. Each stalk contained 10 nodes and internodes.
Average fiber length of internodes and nodes were determined at 1.004 and 0.802 millimeter respectively. The difference in averages of fiber length for different stalks, different heights in each stalk and between nodes and internodes were significant at 99% level. Fiber length distribution curves for internodes, nodes and all fibers show uniform and symmetrical distribution and the highest points in distribution curves are all at similar fiber length.
Average fiber diameter for internodes and nodes were determined at 16.8 and 20.1 µm respectively which are significantly different at 99% level. Fiber diameter distribution curves for nodes, internodes and all fibers also shows uniform and symmetrical shape, but the highest point for internodes is located at lower fiber diameter than nodes. The average lumen diameter for internodes and nodes were measured at 9.42 and 12.7 respectively which is significantly different at 99% level. The distribution curves for lumen diameter is identical to fiber diameter.
The results indicate that the fiber geometry of cornstalks is similar to hardwoods and other agricultural residues and it can be utilized for production of lower grade pulps such as fluting paper pulp.
Pulp and paper
saeed mahdavi; masoudreza habibi; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic ...
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Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic material in Iran. Sampling was carried out from two varieties of oil seed rape, Hiola 401 and PF, based on initial compatibility experiments and yield in Mazandaran province from Baye-colla research station. The results show that at least 4 ton/hect. oven dry rapeseed straws are available. There were significant differences between fiber width, lumen diameter, ash and extractive contents in two varieties. Rapeseed straw as a lignocellulosic material was achieved at 10 score according to the five characteristics consisting of phytology, fiber dimension, fiber yield, chemical components and appearance feature. This means more studies are necessary to make a final assessment.
Pulp and paper
Alireza Khakifiroz; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie; Amir homman Hamasi; Hababalah Khadmieslam; Mohammad Talaei poor
Abstract
Permanent or durable paper is a kind of paper that has a high degree of permanence and is likely to retain the properties which influence readability and document handling when storing in a protected environment for a long period. Permanence depends mainly on the chemical stability of the paper itself. ...
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Permanent or durable paper is a kind of paper that has a high degree of permanence and is likely to retain the properties which influence readability and document handling when storing in a protected environment for a long period. Permanence depends mainly on the chemical stability of the paper itself. Stability may be impaired by chemical reactions involving the paper's own components and by reactive agents from the environment and human being i.e., from air or filing enclosures. Poor chemical stability produces a chain reaction which in long term storage has a pronounced adverse effect on the mechanical or optical properties of the document. The main reactions causing mechanical deterioration are acid hydrolysis and oxidation. Yellowing is due to photochemical and thermal processes. Whatever the fibers used to make paper are longer , alkaline paper making is used , cationic elements such as Fe+2, Fe+3, Cu+2, Mn+2 and kappa number of pulp are minor, it is expected that the paper made is more permanent .In this research imported bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp was used. The used pulp was refined according to tappi test method T248 cm-85 with PFI mill to reach freeness (300±25) CSF at number of beating revolutions 12000 .Hand sheets were made according to SCAN C25-65 standard with grammage 70.AKD sizing were used 2% oven dry weight of pulp and EDTA as chelating agent was used in concentrations 0 , 0.25 , 0.5 , 0.75 percent. For more assurance deionized water was used. furthermore, 20% calcium carbonate was used as residual alkaline and filler. Then hand sheets were laid under U.V radiation with wavelengths between 330 to 440 nm in 0,10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 hours interval and were conditioned in controlled temperature and relative humidity . pH of Extractive solutions were adjusted between 7 to 7.5 . At last, each strength indices were measured with three measurement frequencies and to compare the amount of mean strengths of produced handsheets, variation analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test were used with SPSS software and the charts were drawn with Excel software.
Pulp and paper
Said mohammad Mazhari mosavi; Saeed Mahdavi; Syed zyaldin Hosseini; Hossein Resalti; Hossein Usefi
Abstract
This research is aimed to study the possibility of rapeseed straw (Hayolla401) pulping and its paper characteristics, using Soda-AQ process. The average fiber length was found 1.04 millimeter and the average fiber diameter, lumen and thickness were found 28.00, 19.09, and 4.91 micrometer, respectively. ...
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This research is aimed to study the possibility of rapeseed straw (Hayolla401) pulping and its paper characteristics, using Soda-AQ process. The average fiber length was found 1.04 millimeter and the average fiber diameter, lumen and thickness were found 28.00, 19.09, and 4.91 micrometer, respectively. Cellulose, lignin, extractive material (acetone solved) and ash were measured 41.66, 16.00, 1.63, and3.46 percent, respectively. Cooking condition was determined as follow: Soda as 16, 18, and 20 percent on the basis of rapeseed dry straw, temperature was set at 175 and 185 Cº, cooking time was set at 40 and 70 minutes, and straw to liquid ratio was set at 1/8. The amount of anthraquinone added to cooking liquor was 0.2%, based on rapeseed dry straw. Using severe cooking factors caused reduction of yield and Kappa number in both methods. Refining was performed on selected pulps in order to reach 35025 (ml,CSF) freeness. The 60 gr/m² hand sheets were made in order to determine mechanical strength and physical properties. Average thickness, density and bulk is measured at 86.4µ, 0.69gr/cm³ and 1.44cm³/gr respectively. Average tear index, burst index, breaking length and tensile indexare measured at 4.6 mN.m²/gr, 3.5 kpa.m²/gr, 7.4km and 72.6Nm/g respectively.
The results showed that however screen yield of rapeseed straw pulp is low but kappa number and mechanical properties of pulp is suitable,compared with the other agriculture residues, so Rapeseed pulp can be used in paper making industries.
Pulp and paper
Behzad Kord
Abstract
This study is for identifying of the effect of refining intensity on pulp and paper properties made from eucalyptuswood. For this purpose three normal eucalyptus camaldulensis spp trees were randomly cut down from Shastkolateh Experimental Forest located in Gorgan. From each tree, one disk ...
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This study is for identifying of the effect of refining intensity on pulp and paper properties made from eucalyptuswood. For this purpose three normal eucalyptus camaldulensis spp trees were randomly cut down from Shastkolateh Experimental Forest located in Gorgan. From each tree, one disk with 50cm thickness from breast height were selected for pulp making. Then disks converted to chips by chipper, and the chips were cooked by kraft process, the cooking conditions were as following effective alkali 20%, sulfidity 25%, tempreture 190 0C and Time 90min. After cooking and pulping process, the pulp refined with PFI Mill in 5 different intensity with 0 rpm, 500 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2500 rpm and 3500 revelutions. Then, papermaking and measuring the paper properties such as freeness, tensile strength, tear strength, burst strength and density were done. Then data were statisticaly analysed. The results indicated that, there are significant difference between pulp and paper properties made of eucalyptus camaldulensis spp wood with 5 different refining intensity in 95% confident level. As increasing of refining intensity and refining revolutions, freeness and tear strength of paper decreased but tensile strength, burst strength and density of paper incrased. However, the highest value of freeness and tear strength of paper related to refining intensity with 0rpm revelution (without refining) and highest value of tensile strength, burst strength and density of paper related to refining intensity with 3500rpm revelution
Pulp and paper
Mohammad Talaei poor
Abstract
The effect of refining of recycled pulp on the optical, physical and mechanical properties of paper was investigated.The results showed that, except tear strength, all of mechanical strength of paper significantly increases by refining.While, by refining of recycled pulp the brightness increases but ...
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The effect of refining of recycled pulp on the optical, physical and mechanical properties of paper was investigated.The results showed that, except tear strength, all of mechanical strength of paper significantly increases by refining.While, by refining of recycled pulp the brightness increases but the opacity decreases.Also, caliper and roughness of paper decreases.Refining of recycled pulp result in increasing Porosity.
Pulp and paper
Mohammadreza Dehghani Firouzabadi; Afshin Tvasoli; Saeed Mahdavi
Abstract
We studied the possibility of replacing imported long fiber pulp (ILFP) with kenaf bast fiber soda pulp (KBFSP) to improve the quality of paper made with bagasse soda pulp (BSP). To do so, we produced BSP with kappa number 13.5 similar to that prepared by Pars Paper Mill. We also produced KBFSP with ...
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We studied the possibility of replacing imported long fiber pulp (ILFP) with kenaf bast fiber soda pulp (KBFSP) to improve the quality of paper made with bagasse soda pulp (BSP). To do so, we produced BSP with kappa number 13.5 similar to that prepared by Pars Paper Mill. We also produced KBFSP with kappa number 21.6 similar to the unbleached imported ILFP. The yield percent for BSP and KBFSP were respectively 48.9 and 55.6 %. The maximum pulping temperature was 165 °C; alkaline was 20% based on sodium hydroxide and ratio of liquor to dry weight of the raw material was 8:1. All the three pulps were beaten up to a freeness degree of 400 ml, CSF. Amounts of 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent ILFP and KBFSP were mixed with 100, 90, 80 and 70 percent BSP to produce hand sheets. In all cases of KBFSP mixing with BSP, the thickness of the generated hand sheets were higher than those produced through mixing ILFP with BSP while the density was lower. The difference in burst strength and breaking length of a mixture of 30% KBFSP with 70% BSP in the hand sheets were non-significant as compared with those of ILFP and BSP. Tear strength and opacity of mixing 30% KBFSP with 70% BSP were significantly higher than those of the ILFP and BSP with the same mixing ratio. We suggest that KBFSP provides a suitable replacement for ILFP to improve physical and strength properties of paper made with BSP.
Pulp and paper
Aghdas Sadeghi; Ali Abdolkhani; Yahya Hamzeh; Ahmad Mirshokraei; Alinaghi Karimi
Abstract
In this study the pulping of bagasse using TMAH and EDA as organic bases was investigated and compared to conventional Soda and Soda-AQ bagasse pulping. Resulting pulps properties including Kappa number, reject, screen yield of pulp and optical and mechanical properties of handsheets prepared from them ...
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In this study the pulping of bagasse using TMAH and EDA as organic bases was investigated and compared to conventional Soda and Soda-AQ bagasse pulping. Resulting pulps properties including Kappa number, reject, screen yield of pulp and optical and mechanical properties of handsheets prepared from them were determined and compared. Kappa number of TMAH pulp was considerably lower than others. Also, optical properties of TMAH and TMAH-NaOH pulps were considerably higher than Soda and Soda-AQ reference pulps. As well as, addition of EDA to pulping liquor resulted suitable pulp with better properties compared to Soda pulp. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the delignificatiom mechanism of TMAH differ to hydroxide ion from NaOH and probably it improves the delignification rate through increasing of lignin degradation and its solubility.
Pulp and paper
Hamid Noori chaparprdy; Ali Ghasemian; Ali Shalbafan; Reza Hajihassani
Abstract
This study has been performed in order to determination of optimum refining of paper made of recovered Kraft liner. Recovered Kraft liner has been prepared from anzali city. After shredding into 5 centimeter pieces, the papers were soaked in distillated water in pail. After 7 days fibers was separated ...
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This study has been performed in order to determination of optimum refining of paper made of recovered Kraft liner. Recovered Kraft liner has been prepared from anzali city. After shredding into 5 centimeter pieces, the papers were soaked in distillated water in pail. After 7 days fibers was separated of each other by disintegrator and freeness for each pulp before and after refining were measured. They were refined in revolutions of 3000, 6000, 9000, 12000 by PFI mill. Hand sheets were made from each revolution in order to TAPPI standard T 205om-95 number, and then were compared with control sample. Analysis of variance of waste papers were conducted using completely randomized design, then mean values were compared, using Duncan’s test, and finally the normalization equations were used to determine the best sample. Results showed that increasing of refining revolution increased strength of burst, tensile and brightness but decrease freeness, thickness and tear strength at product. Normalization equations showed that the best papers made from refining revolution of 9000.
Pulp and paper
Yahya Hamzeh; Mohammad hassan Ekhtera; Ali Abdolkhani; Sohila Ezadyar; Kambiz Pourtahmasi
Abstract
In this study the effects of several parameters on the sizing efficiency of test liner using poly aluminum chloride and rosin under neutral condition in reverse and premixing sizing processes were investigated. The results indicated that the individual effects of poly aluminum chloride amount, rosin ...
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In this study the effects of several parameters on the sizing efficiency of test liner using poly aluminum chloride and rosin under neutral condition in reverse and premixing sizing processes were investigated. The results indicated that the individual effects of poly aluminum chloride amount, rosin amount, interval time as well as interaction effect of poly aluminum chloride -rosin amounts in both sizing processes affect significantly sizing performance. The most important variable was the poly aluminum chloride amount. The effect of poly aluminum chloride amount on the sizing efficiency depended on the properties of fiber surfaces. This study showed that the interval time on the sizing efficiency is significant. To obtain an identical degree of sizing, it is possible decrease the amount of poly aluminum chloride and rosin amounts by increasing the interval time. In addition, the results confirmed two different mechanisms involved in the premixing sizing process.
Pulp and paper
Amir mohsen Nazeri; Mohammad Talaeipoor; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie
Abstract
The present study deals with effects of CMP fines on optical and physical properties of newsprint papers, for which, different batches for CMP fines (0%, 10%. 20%. 30%) of totally 80% pulp is taken, Where the remaining 20% of imported long fiber pulp was taken as fixed amount .
The study ...
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The present study deals with effects of CMP fines on optical and physical properties of newsprint papers, for which, different batches for CMP fines (0%, 10%. 20%. 30%) of totally 80% pulp is taken, Where the remaining 20% of imported long fiber pulp was taken as fixed amount .
The study focused on surving the effects of CMP fines on optical and physical properties of newsprint paper ,after mixing the pulps and making the handsheets .
Generally, the results show the increase in CMP fine amount lead to increase ,Air Resistance and Opacity and decrease Caliper and Roughness, Also that changes in CMP fines has no effect on Brightness .
Pulp and paper
Saeid Mehrabi
Abstract
Poplar trees are classified as a fast growth trees and because of short rotation period, and suitable technical properties, are considered by pulp and paper making industries. In this study, physical and anatomical properties and pulp and paper of three colons of poplar trees, populous Alba. L. colon ...
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Poplar trees are classified as a fast growth trees and because of short rotation period, and suitable technical properties, are considered by pulp and paper making industries. In this study, physical and anatomical properties and pulp and paper of three colons of poplar trees, populous Alba. L. colon 44.9, populous deltoids 69.55, and populous euramerican are investigated. The average fiber length of these three colons were 0.854, 1.148, 1.08 mm. respectively and their average dry specific gravity were 0.386, 0461, and 0.341 g/cm3, and also their average cellulose content were 50.5, 51.5, and 49.5 percent.For Kraft process cooking of the mentioned colons, three cooking time, 1, 2, and 3 hours, 17°C cooking heat, 25% sulfidity, and active alkali at 3 levels, 15, 17.5, and 20% were used. The results show that p. alba, colon 44.9, and p. deltoids colon 69.55 with using 20% A.A and 3 hours cooking time have 53% yield and 18 kappa number.
Pulp and paper
Saeed Mahdavi; masoudreza habibi; kermanian hossein
Abstract
Global concerns for preservation of forests and elimination of pollution from pulping and papermaking processes has led us to explore alternate fibrous resources other than wood and new environmentally begin pulping and bleaching processes for papermaking without sacrificing quality. Various alternate ...
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Global concerns for preservation of forests and elimination of pollution from pulping and papermaking processes has led us to explore alternate fibrous resources other than wood and new environmentally begin pulping and bleaching processes for papermaking without sacrificing quality. Various alternate fibrous resources such as agricultural residues are already in use in many countries and considerable research have been undertaken to produce pulps by conventional and non-conventional processes. Wheat straw has high quantity among agricultural residues in Iran. Kraft, Soda and Ethanol-alkali pulping were carried out after sampling and preparing of wheat straw. Retention of carbohydrates is improved compared to the alkaline pulping processes, resulting in about 8 to 15 % higher yield at the same level of residual lignin. There was lower energy consumption for refining Ethanol-alkali pulps. There were no statistical differences among the physical properties. The strengths of Ethanol-alkali pulps consist of tear index, burst index and breaking length were lower than alkaline pulps, but all of the strength properties were higher than kraft and liner paper except tear index that addition of some long fiber can solve the problem.
Pulp and paper
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
In this investigation, physical, chemical, fiber dimensions, pulp and papermaking characteristics of 4 years old Alnus glutinosa was researched. The average of oven dry and critical density, fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were measured at 0.396, 0.368, 0.875mm, 32.66um, ...
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In this investigation, physical, chemical, fiber dimensions, pulp and papermaking characteristics of 4 years old Alnus glutinosa was researched. The average of oven dry and critical density, fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were measured at 0.396, 0.368, 0.875mm, 32.66um, 27.28 urn and 2.70 urn respectively. Chemical compositions were obtained 48.5% cellulose, 25.35% lignin, 0.31% ash and 2.36% extractives. CMP, one stage APMP and two stage APMP processes were used for cooking. After preliminary cooking, cooking temperature, cooking time, NaOH and H202 charges were applied at 95 degree of centigrade, 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes 10%,3% and so on. In CMP process, the average of yield, burst index, breaking length, tear index opacity and brightness were obtained at %73.72-%82.57, Kpa m2/gr. 1.53, Km 3.81, mNm2/gr 3.34, %99.59 and %29.35 correspondingly.In one stage APMP process, the average of yield, burst index, breaking length, tear index opacity and brightness were obtained at %74.09-%81.57, Kpa m2/gr. 1.52, Km 3.5, mNm2/gr3.2, %99.80 and%28.21 respectively.In two stage APMP process, the average of yield, burst index, breaking length, tear index opacity and brightness were obtained at %73.99-%80.89, Kpa m2/gr. 1.92, Km 3.95, mNm2/gr 3.45, %99.85 and %32.41 in that order.Among yields of pulp in the three methods, there weren't significant difference at level 5%. In two stages APMP paper, the burst index, breaking length and brightness were more than other and changes of cooking methods hadn't significant differences at level 5% on tear index.
Pulp and paper
Mehran Roohnia; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Sayed Zyae Aldin Hosseini
Abstract
In this research, pulping of rinds from sunflower seeds by soda process is studied. Fiber length was 0.89 millimeters and its chemical content, contained 40.5% Cellulose, 30.5% Lignin, 3.33% Ash and 1.93% Extractives. Conditions of Soda process were three different soda consummations of (Chemical charge) ...
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In this research, pulping of rinds from sunflower seeds by soda process is studied. Fiber length was 0.89 millimeters and its chemical content, contained 40.5% Cellulose, 30.5% Lignin, 3.33% Ash and 1.93% Extractives. Conditions of Soda process were three different soda consummations of (Chemical charge) 14%, 16% and 18%. Liquor on rinds ratio, was equal to 6, and period of digestion was 30 minutes. Yield and Kappa number on the best choice of conditions of pulping (165 degree of centigrade temperature and 16% soda consumption) were measured respectively 55.7% and 74.96.Using PFImill, four kinds of pulps with four different free nesses were produced from the proper Pulp and were changed to hand sheets. Study on mechanical strength of hand sheets showed that beating has no effect on tear strength from 30 to 40 SR and it reduces this strength after more beating. Practically, no effect was observed on burst strength and breaking length during beating from 30SR to 60SR. This lignocellulose, agricultural residue is a cheap by-product in Sunflower-oil producer factories. Some of them is as a food for live-stocks and some is burned as a source of energy. Because of this, using rind from sunflower seeds in Paper and other cellulosic industries can be useful.
Pulp and paper
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei; Hossein Hosseinkhani
Abstract
Two 22 years old spruce trees (Picea abies) from Picesoon region of Gilan province are investigated. These samples were transferred to the Alborz research center. The physical, anatomical and chemical properties of samples were determined. Dry and critical specific gravity, fiber length, amount of cellulose ...
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Two 22 years old spruce trees (Picea abies) from Picesoon region of Gilan province are investigated. These samples were transferred to the Alborz research center. The physical, anatomical and chemical properties of samples were determined. Dry and critical specific gravity, fiber length, amount of cellulose and lignin were measured at 0.334, 0.306, 3.07 mm, % 59.74 and % 28.94 respectively. Average yield and kappa number of kraft pulp at %16, %18 and % 20 effective alkalis were determined at 48/67%, 44.67%, 45.63% and 46.85, 33.98 and 26.89 respectively. The result of this research indicates that production of suitable pulp from picea abies wood is possible.
Physics and anatomy
Kamyar Salehi; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Hossein Familian
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of utilizing cotton stem in cellulosic industries chemical, physical and anatomical properties of cotton stem (var. varamin) was investigated.Cotton wood fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness was measured at 840 mm, 23.9mlm, ...
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In order to investigate the possibility of utilizing cotton stem in cellulosic industries chemical, physical and anatomical properties of cotton stem (var. varamin) was investigated.Cotton wood fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness was measured at 840 mm, 23.9mlm, 16/11mm, and 3/9mm respectively.Cotton stem oven-dry density, basic density, and air-dry density were measured at 0/44 gr./cm3, 0.4Ogr/cm3, and .42gr/cm3.Shrinkage and swelling was measured at 7.7 %, 8.3% and porosity was measured at 70.5%.Chemical composition was as follow: cellulose 52%, lignin 29.2%, ash 104% and extractives 6.8%.Anatomical features were as follow: Growth ring boundaries distinct or absent Wood diffuse-porous. Vessels in diagonal or radial pattern grouping:partly solitary partly in radial multiples of 2-4-6 or very small cluster Simple perforation plate. Intervesse pit alternate. Intervessel pit size: minute -< 4mm. Vestured pits absent. Vessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple Helical Thickening absent. Mean tangential diameter of vessel lumina 50-100mm. Vessels per square millimeter 20-40 vessels. Mean vessel element length - < 350mm. Tyloses Gums & deposits absent. Fiber with simple to minutely bordered pits. Helical thickening in ground tissue fibers absent.Nonseptate fiber present. Fibers very thin walled. Rays with multi seriate portion as wide as uniseriate portion. Aggregate rays absent. Ray height> 1mm. Body ray cells procumbent with over 4 rows of upright And square marginal cells Ray per millimeter 4-12/mm.
Composite wood products
asghar tarmian; Kazem Doosthosseini; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie; Mohammadmehdi Faezi poor
Abstract
Beneficial utilization of large quantity of paper sludge from Mazandaran Wood & Paper Industry in particleboard manufacturing has been studied. Single-layer and three-layer particleboard (paper sludge as a surface layer) were produced. Urea-formaldehyde resin at two levels of 10 and 12 percent and ...
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Beneficial utilization of large quantity of paper sludge from Mazandaran Wood & Paper Industry in particleboard manufacturing has been studied. Single-layer and three-layer particleboard (paper sludge as a surface layer) were produced. Urea-formaldehyde resin at two levels of 10 and 12 percent and paper sludge content at 4 levels, 0, 15, 30 and 45 percent were studied. Other factors such as press temperature (160oC), press time (6minutes), mat moisture (12%), board density (0.75g/cm3) and etc were constant factors. Mechanical and physical properties including bending strength, shear strength, thickness swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours immersion were evaluated. The results indicated that application of paper sludge reduced mechanical properties and improved thickness swelling .The particleboard produced with 15%paper sludge had the least water absorption, but by using more paper sludge, water absorption increased. Single-layer particleboard had higher bending strength. However, there was no significant different in shear strength between single and three layer particleboard. Three-layer particleboard showed lower thickness swelling.
Physics and anatomy
Saeed Mahdavi; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Hossein Familian; masoudreza habibi
Abstract
Cross sectional disks were cut at breast height from three 17-year-old trees of E.camaldulensis grown in Pasand research station in Mazandaran province. Ring width, wood density, and fiber dimension were measured for each two rings from pith to the bark. Overall average disks, fiber length, fiber width, ...
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Cross sectional disks were cut at breast height from three 17-year-old trees of E.camaldulensis grown in Pasand research station in Mazandaran province. Ring width, wood density, and fiber dimension were measured for each two rings from pith to the bark. Overall average disks, fiber length, fiber width, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were measured at 758, 15.93, 8.63, and 3.65 micrometer respectively. Mean values for the oven dry and basic. Density was 0.708 g/cm3 and 0.552 g/cm3. Cross sectional \ growth rate and wood production for the trees were measured at 11.1 mm and 12.3 m3/ha./year respectively. Chemical compositions of the wood consist or cellulose, lignin, extractives (in acetone soluble) and ash were measured at 47.44%, 30.87%, 6.96%, and 0.27% respectively. The result showed that E.camaldulensis is classified as short fiber hardwood with low frequency. Fiber dimensions and density slightly increased from pith to the bark. There was high significant correlation between cell wall thickness and density, while; there was no significant correlation between ring width and the others. Among the properties studied, cell wall thickness and fiber length showed the most variations.
Pulp and paper
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei; Hossein Hosseinkhani
Abstract
Three 4,6 and 12 years old populus deltoides trees were randomly selected and felled from the Safrabasteh Research Station located in Gilan province. Samples were transferred to the Wood chemistry and Paper Making of Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. By using of kraft processing, percentage ...
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Three 4,6 and 12 years old populus deltoides trees were randomly selected and felled from the Safrabasteh Research Station located in Gilan province. Samples were transferred to the Wood chemistry and Paper Making of Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. By using of kraft processing, percentage of sulfidity rate of %25, and the temperature of 165°C a addition to modification of effective alkali, up to 14%, 17%, 20% and cooking time at maximum temperature of 60 min., 120 min., 180 min., with a rate of liquide to lignocellulosics malerial equivalent at 5/1 (L/W).Average of yield and kappa number of pulps was measured between 43.83-2.20 and 14.85-30.48 respectively.Pulps were refined up to the freness degree of 350, 400 and 450 c.s.f for 14% effective alkali and 350 c.s.f. for 20% effective alkali. The mechanical properties of 60 grams hand-made papers include breaking length, burst Index, tear Index and folding were also measured.
Pulp and paper
Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
In this study, anatomical, physical, pulping and paper making properties of Eucalyptus microtheca grown in Farse province is investigated. Eight trees were sampled for this study. The average dry and critical specific gravity of 8 samples were measured at 0.85 and 0.88 for heartwood and 0.8 and 0.75 ...
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In this study, anatomical, physical, pulping and paper making properties of Eucalyptus microtheca grown in Farse province is investigated. Eight trees were sampled for this study. The average dry and critical specific gravity of 8 samples were measured at 0.85 and 0.88 for heartwood and 0.8 and 0.75 for sapwood respectively. Mean of fiber length, diameter and cell wall thickness were measured at 0.78 mm, 15.68 mm and 4.560 mm for heartwood respectively. The corresponding figures for sapwood are 0.84 mm, 15.72 mm and 4.88 mm.Pulps were produce by two processes, Kraft (as a chemical process) and NSSC (as a semi-chemical process). Pulp properties of these two processes were compared. Yield and Kappa number of Pulp depend on cooking condition are 36.42-53.25 percent and 21.68-87.68 for Kraft Pulps and 64.59-70.91 percent and 130-189 for NSSC pulp respectively. Physical properties of pulps consist of burst and tear Index and breaking length were measured at 3.90-4.84 kPa.m2/g and 8.34-11.01 mN.m2/g and 5.36-6.94 Km for Kraft Pulps respectively. These properties for NSSC Pulp are 1.72-2.89 kPam2/g, 7.46-8.26 mNm2/g and 4.11-5.14 Km.
Pulp and paper
Kamyar Salehi; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
In order to investigate the possibility of utilizing bagasse in high yield pulping, CMP and CTMP pulp from bagasse was compared.APMP pulping process was also investigated. Bagasse fiber length, diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness was measured at 1166mm, 19.63 mLm,7.47 mLm, and ...
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In order to investigate the possibility of utilizing bagasse in high yield pulping, CMP and CTMP pulp from bagasse was compared.APMP pulping process was also investigated. Bagasse fiber length, diameter, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness was measured at 1166mm, 19.63 mLm,7.47 mLm, and 6.09 mLm respectively. Chemical composition was as follow: cellulose 553 %, lignin 20.5 %, ash 1.98% and extractive 2.9 %.The results and comparison of CMP and CTMP pulp are as follow: CTMP pulp yield was 3-4% higher than CMP pulp and the highest CTMP pulp at 80.7% was obtained at 15% NaOH application and 15 minutes chemical treatment time.Breaking length of both pulp was almost equal, but the burst index of CMP pulp was higher and the tear index was lower than CTMP. The highest breaking length of 3.85Kmwas obtained at 15% NaOH and 10 minutes, highest burst index of 4.81 KPa.m2/grat 20% NaOH and 20 minutes and highest tear index at 6.87 mN.m2/grat 15% NaOH and 15 minutes treatment time. Various treatments in APMP pulping reveald the following results: - Two stage pulping yield was almost 6% higher than one stage pulping and addition of H2O2 did not significant improve the yield.- The highest breaking length was related and two stage pulping. But addition of H2O2 in last stage and the lowest breaking length was related and two stage pulping with split application both NaOH and H202.- Even though two stage pulping with the addition of H2O2 in one stage produced highest burst index, but lowest burst index was with the CMP pulps.- Addition of DTPA produced highest brightness and opacity.
Pulp and paper
Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Amir Nourbakhsh; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
In this investigation some anatomical, chemical and pulping suitability of two Iranian hardwood species which predominate in the Caspian forests were examined. The species are carpinus betulus (Hornbeam) and parotia persica (Ironwood).The results of this study revealed that:The average fiber length of ...
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In this investigation some anatomical, chemical and pulping suitability of two Iranian hardwood species which predominate in the Caspian forests were examined. The species are carpinus betulus (Hornbeam) and parotia persica (Ironwood).The results of this study revealed that:The average fiber length of carpinus betulus is 1.4 mm., fiber diameter 18 mm, and cell wall thickness 3.37 mm, while inparotia persica, fiber length, cell diameter and cell wall thickness are 1.34 mm, 17.3 mm and 3.48 mm respectively.The overall average of cellulose content: of carpinus betulus and Parotia persica were measured at 48.5, and 46.1 percent, and the lignin content at 17.5 and 21.5 percent respectively.The wood of each of the above species was cooked by means of a kraft process without difficulty but, there was a slight decrease in yield and kappa number with increase active alkali.The pulping yield with active alkali of14% was about 49.6 and with 20% was 43.44 percent, while the pulping yield of parotia persica in active alkali of 14% was 43.04 and in 20% about 37.79 percent. Thus, it may be concluded that for production of wrapping paper from carpinus betulus and parotia percica, using active alkali of 14% might give better quality paper and for production of printing paper from these two species active alkali of 20 percent might be desirable.
