Research Paper
Management and Economics wood
Shahab Bayatzadeh; Hamidreza Talaie
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The wood industry, especially in the furniture and decoration sectors, is one of the small industries with high entrepreneurial potential that faces numerous challenges in the field of sustainability and resilience due to irresponsible exploitation. The aim of this study is ...
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Background and Objectives: The wood industry, especially in the furniture and decoration sectors, is one of the small industries with high entrepreneurial potential that faces numerous challenges in the field of sustainability and resilience due to irresponsible exploitation. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize criteria for selecting sustainable and resilient suppliers in the Iranian furniture and decoration industry to help reduce environmental impacts, increase productivity, and ensure the continuity of resource supply through improving supply chain performance. This study is designed to fill the scientific gaps in the comprehensive assessment of suppliers in this industry.
Methodology: This research was conducted to identify and prioritize criteria for selecting sustainable and resilient suppliers in the furniture and decoration industry. The research method was designed analytically and applied with a descriptive-survey approach. First, through a comprehensive review of the research literature, the primary criteria related to supplier selection were identified. These criteria were placed in four main categories: economic, environmental, social, and resilience, and included 17 criteria. In order to verify the identified criteria, the fuzzy Delphi method was used. A questionnaire based on the identified criteria was prepared and distributed among 10 experts in the furniture and decoration industry, including supply chain managers and environmental specialists. The experts were selected based on at least 15 years of work experience and familiarity with the principles of sustainability and resilience. The questionnaires were analyzed in two stages, and the third stage was stopped due to the reduction of the difference in opinions between the responses to less than 0.2. For weighing the criteria, the fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM) was applied. This method calculates the weight of each criterion by selecting the most important and least important criteria and conducting pairwise comparisons. The model was solved using LINGO software, and the final ranking of the criteria was extracted. This method, aiming to reduce subjective errors and manage uncertainties in the data, provides an appropriate approach for prioritization in complex environments like the wood industry.
Results: The results showed that resilience-related and environmental criteria hold higher importance compared to economic and social criteria. This prioritization highlights the crucial role of these two categories in managing the wood supply chain, especially in dealing with disruptions and ensuring the sustainability of natural resources. The criteria examined included Risk Awareness, Sustainable Resource Use, Supply Chain Flexibility, Recovery Capability, Pollution Control, Cost Efficiency, Delivery Timeliness, Worker Safety, Responsiveness, Quality, Environmental Certifications, Community Impact, Financial Stability, Supplier Relationship, Geographical Location, Technology, and Reputation. Risk Awareness (0.171) and Sustainable Resource Use (0.123) were identified as the most significant factors. Supply Chain Flexibility and Recovery Capability also ranked highly. In the economic category, Cost Efficiency and Delivery Timeliness were the most important criteria. Social criteria such as Worker Safety and Community Impact ranked lower, while Supplier Relationship and Reputation received the least importance. These findings emphasize the wood industry’s focus on resilience and environmental protection, with economic and social criteria considered as supporting factors in later priorities.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that in an industry like wood, resilience and environmental sustainability play a key role in supplier selection. This research provides a framework that can assist managers in conducting comprehensive supplier evaluations and making optimal decisions to ensure the continuity of the supply chain and reduce environmental impacts. Future research can further explore global and regional conditions to develop more dynamic models for evaluation.
Research Paper
Chemical conversion
Ali Ghasemi Chahardehi; Ghasem Asadpour; Sead Majid zabihzadeh; Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody
Abstract
Background and purpose: The annual amount of food waste includes about one third of the global production of edible food. One of the main causes of meat waste is the disease caused by microorganisms. Using continuous and real-time tracking of food spoilage, waste can be significantly reduced. One of ...
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Background and purpose: The annual amount of food waste includes about one third of the global production of edible food. One of the main causes of meat waste is the disease caused by microorganisms. Using continuous and real-time tracking of food spoilage, waste can be significantly reduced. One of the main ways to identify the change in the quality of the food inside the package is the change in pH. by employing natural polymers containing pH-sensitive substances, it is possible to know the condition of the meat inside the package. Anthocyanins are natural substances sensitive to pH. This research investigated the use of eggplant peel extract to make a pH-sensitive Nanocellulosic biofilm as an indicator of meat spoilage inside the package.Materials and methods: Eggplant peel, after crushing and passing through a sieve, was subjected to extraction in two separate methods (with and without formic acid). The amount of anthocyanin in each method was investigated and then the appropriate extraction method was selected based on the amount of anthocyanin obtained. The resulting anthocyanin, as the main substance sensitive to pH changes, was used in different percentages until the desired result was reached, to make nanocellulose film. In the production of nanocellulose film, anthocyanin was stabilized with the help of two types of cross-linking polymers, namely Penta sodium triphosphate and polyvinyl alcohol, in two separate paths, inside the nanofibrocellulose film, by casting method, at a temperature of 38̊Ϲ for 72 hours in an oven. The resulting film, as an indicator of meat spoilage, was placed inside the packaging of meat products. Some of the mentioned packages were kept at room temperature for three days and some others were kept in the refrigerator for seven days. The change in color of the films was evident in both cases, which indicated the microbial contamination of the meat.Result: The results showed that the amount of anthocyanin in the extraction method with formic acid is twice that of the extraction method without it. The L a b test related to Nanocellulosic films showed that the b factor increased three and a half times in the films inside the package after spoilage the meat. Examination of the films with XRD showed that the addition of the binding polymer as well as the extract increases the degree of crystallinity of the nanocellulose film. Also, the results of FTIR showed that by adding binding polymers, new functional groups are created in the nanocellulose film, before and after being placed inside the packaging.Conclusion: In this research, eggplant peel extract was used to make pH-sensitive nanocellulose film. In terms of anthocyanin content, the method with formic acid was superior to the method without it. Nanocellulose film, in the vicinity of rotten meat, changed color and became greenish yellow. The results show an increase in the degree of crystallinity due to the interaction between the components of the film. The extract itself also turned red in acidic pH and greenish-brown in alkaline pH. Finally, it was found that by using the visible color change of the aforementioned biodegradable nanocellulose film, it is possible to visually know the condition of the food inside the package.
Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings
Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings
Vahid Sokhandan; Hamidreza Mansouri; Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghaleno; Mohammad Shamsian
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Historical wooden constructions clearly depict the identity, architecture, culture and lifestyle of the people of a period of history and are available to future generations as precious treasures. Therefore, the disconnection of the joints of historical wooden constructions ...
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Background and Objectives: Historical wooden constructions clearly depict the identity, architecture, culture and lifestyle of the people of a period of history and are available to future generations as precious treasures. Therefore, the disconnection of the joints of historical wooden constructions is a big problem to preserve these valuable works in the long term. This research was carried out with the aim of improving and strengthening polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive using using nanocellulose fibers (NFC) and glass nanofibers (GNF) to improve the joints of the tongue and groove in the traditional beech wood constructions.
Materials and methods: In this research, in order to study the effects of reinforcements on the properties of PVAc adhesive, NFC and GNF were investigated at three different levels including 0, 3, and 6% based on the dry weight of the adhesive (9 treatments; each treatment with 3 repetitions). The connection of the palate and the tongue using polyvinyl acetate glue without NFC and GNF were considered as control samples. After preparing the samples, quantitative and qualitative tests including tensile strength, bending strength (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity), accelerated aging test, FTIR spectroscopy and evaluation of the samples using electron microscope scanning (SEM) was done.
Results: According to the results, there was a significant difference between the studied treatments in terms of tensile strength and modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity (P<0.05). Among the examined treatments, the highest amount of tensile strength (13.9 MPa), modulus of rupture (130.5 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (11785.36 MPa) were observed in PVAc treatment modified with 3% CNF and 3% GNF. In addition, the results showed a significant difference between the treatments in terms of accelerated aging rate (P<0.05). The lowest rate of accelerated aging (4.0) was observed in PVAc treatment modified with 3% NFC and 3% GNF. FTIR spectroscopy showed that when CNFs are inserted into the PVAc polymer matrix, hydrogen bonds are formed between the hydroxyl groups (OH) of polymer chains and the hydroxyl groups of nanocellulose, which causes the formation of coherent three-dimensional networks. Also, according to the observations from scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was found that CNFs and GNFs were relatively well dispersed in the PVAc polymer matrix.
Conclusion: This study showed that by adding 3% NFC and 3% GNF to PVAc adhesive, the mechanical properties of joints in beech wood structures increase. Considering this issue, it is recommended to use a combination of cellulose nanofibers (NFC) and glass nanofibers (GNF) in order to improve the resistance properties of joints in traditional wooden structures.
Pulp and Paper
Nano composite
Shaghaiegh Rezanezhad; Noureddin Nazarnezhad; Hosein Resalati; Seyed Majid Zabihzadeh
Abstract
Background and objectives: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is one the ether derivatives of cellulose and is widely used in various industries. This material is one of the most important and widely used cellulose derivatives, which has been considered in many researches as a substrate for the production ...
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Background and objectives: Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is one the ether derivatives of cellulose and is widely used in various industries. This material is one of the most important and widely used cellulose derivatives, which has been considered in many researches as a substrate for the production of composite materials due to the presence of the carboxy methyl and hydroxyl groups. CMC can also be used as a substrate for the production of the magnetic cellulose compounds. Magnetic materials such as iron oxide are able to form effective bonds with hydroxyl groups in CMC and produce magnetic composites with biodegradable properties. The purpose of this research is to produce and analyze the magnetic properties of biocomposite made from CMC and then coat it on the surface of paper.
Methodology: In this research, CMC was used as a substrate for the production of magnetic biocomposite. The in-situ synthesis was used to produce biocomposite. In the process, iron salts (4 and 6 H2O) and CMC were mixed together in an aqueous solution and under nitrogen atmosphere, then by adding ammonium hydroxide to pH 11, iron oxide particles (magnetite) were formed on CMC. The materials were stirred in water bath for 1 hour at 40 °C, in order to complete the reactions and increase the production efficiency of magnetic particles. Handsheets with 120 ± 5 g/m2 weight was prepared by using commercial kraft fibers, and then coated with magnetic biocomposite. The synthesized magnetic materials and coated paper with magnetic biocomposite were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The size of iron oxide was tested by an atomic force microscope. Also, the morphology and surface characteristics of magnetic particles, magnetic biocomposite and coated fibers and paper were investigated by scanning electron microscope. The magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated with a vibrating magnetometer. Furthermore, the strengths properties of the coated paper were examined with tensile, tear, water absorption and air resistance tests.
Results: The results of the magnetic test showed that in the first phase, the magnetic biocomposite was successfully prepared and the sample showed super paramagnetic properties. The highest magnetic saturation in the iron oxide sample was about 25 emu/g. Also, the CMC magnetic biocomposite had a magnetic saturation about 4 emu/g. The results of the microscopic evaluation of the iron oxide particles showed a uniform cubic structure. The formation of this structure is due to the accumulation of particles. In addition, mechanical engagement and connection of the magnetic biocomposite with the paper was observed. Also, the microscopic analyze of the iron oxide showed the most frequent of particles size were 45 nm. The results of the strength properties of the paper showed that the coating with magnetic material decreased the tensile and tear indices. The air resistance in the coated paper samples has increased compared to the control sample. Based on the results of Cobb test (water absorption), the lowest water absorption is related to the coated paper with CMC magnetic biocomposite. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the iron oxide sample showed five important peaks at 2 theta angles of 35, 41, 50, 67 and 74 degrees, which the main peaks indicated the iron oxide.
Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to analyze the magnetic property in the CMC biocomposite and then coat it on the surface of the paper. Therefore, the experiments were carried out in 2 stages. In the first stage, CMC magnetic biocomposite was made by in situ synthesis process with iron salts. In the second phase, handsheet was prepared by using commercial kraft fibers and coated ones. The results of the testing samples showed the successfully production of magnetic biocomposite. Also, the paper coated with this material has suitable magnetic properties.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Esmaeil Rasooly Garmaroody; Omid Esmaeili; Sead Rahman jafari Petrody
Abstract
Background and purpose: Paying attention to the resistance properties of paper during its production and consumption has always been particularly fashionable for paper makers. In the case of NSSC pulp, it is very important to maintain its resistance and continuous production for the production of floating ...
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Background and purpose: Paying attention to the resistance properties of paper during its production and consumption has always been particularly fashionable for paper makers. In the case of NSSC pulp, it is very important to maintain its resistance and continuous production for the production of floating papers or the combination in the production of various types of liner paper. The use of recycled papers in pure form or in combination with virgin papers has shown that the resistance properties of the resulting papers are reduced. Therefore, in order to use recycled paper, either pure or combined with virgin pulp, it is necessary to take measures to improve the quality of the final paper.
Materials and methods: This research was conducted to investigate the effects of using oxidation methods with hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite to monitor the characteristics of congress corrugated pulp by combining NSSC and OCC pulps. In this research, firstly, the desired pulps were oxidized using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite in different proportions, and then according to the TAPPI standard, handmade papers of 127 g/cm2 were made from them. Finally, the mentioned papers in terms of physical characteristics such as Cobb-60 and Air resistance; And the mechanical strength were evaluated
Results: The control treatments have more water absorption resistance and its amount decreases with the oxidation treatment of the pulps. Papers obtained from pulps oxidized with hypochlorite have more resistance to air passage than with peroxide. In this sense, the paper obtained from pure OCC treatment has the lowest air resistance. Papers obtained from pulps oxidized with peroxide have more tear index. Therefore, it seems that peroxide is preferred in terms of tearing properties compared to hypochlorite. In most cases, papers obtained from hypochlorite treatment have more tensile index. The use of oxidation with hypochlorite increases the forld resistance. In terms of CMT, RCT and CCT resistances, combined oxidation processes have been more effective, especially in treatments containing long fibers. The effect of oxidation with peroxide and hypochlorite on the resistance of the paper surface in NSSC and OCC papers are completely different and act in the opposite direction. But in combined treatments, more CMT is obtained. The effect of both oxidants on the characteristics of resistance to ring crushing (RCT) in NSSC and OCC papers in pure treatments has an upward trend, and in the combined state, it causes a decrease in RCT in the papers. The effect of oxidation with hypochlorite on the paper edge cramp resistance (CCT) has been higher compared to peroxide
Conclusion: The use of oxidation treatment with peroxide for all pulps makes the resulting papers have a higher tearing index. However, in the use of hypochlorite, the resistance characteristics affected by the bond between fibers, such as tensile strength and folding resistance, have been improved. In terms of resistance characteristics such as CMT, RCT and CCT resistance, the combination of peroxide and hypochlorite treatments along with long fibers have been more effective, therefore, considering the importance of these characteristics in the production of congress paper, it is suggested that these treatments should be prioritized.
Research Paper
Chemistry of wood
Maryam Ahmadi; Seyed Majid Zabihzadeh; Noureddin Nazarnezhad; Ghasem Asadpour; Pourya Biparva
Abstract
Background and objectives: Plant extracts contain antioxidant compounds, which have garnered increasing attention in various scientific and industrial fields due to their significance. Among the most important groups of compounds present in plant extracts are phenolic compounds. These compounds not only ...
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Background and objectives: Plant extracts contain antioxidant compounds, which have garnered increasing attention in various scientific and industrial fields due to their significance. Among the most important groups of compounds present in plant extracts are phenolic compounds. These compounds not only possess antioxidant properties but also have diverse applications in various industries. Numerous plants have been investigated for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), a woody species, is known to contain antioxidant substances. In this study, the extracts from heartwood and sapwood of chinaberry were obtained, and the extracted compounds were identified. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of these compounds were evaluated. This research provides valuable insights into the potential applications of antioxidant compounds derived from chinaberry in different industries.Methodology: First, the heartwood and sapwood of Melia azedarach (chinaberry) were separated and ground using a laboratory mill. Particles of size 60 mesh were isolated using a laboratory sieve. Prior to extraction, the wood flour underwent pre-extraction with hexane. Three different extraction methods were employed: Soxhlet, immersion, and ultrasonic. In all methods, 10 grams of wood flour were used as the raw material. In the Soxhlet method, the raw material was placed in a thimble and then the thimble contain wood flour transferred to a flask containing 250 mL of ethanol. The Soxhlet system was set up, and after the first siphoning, the samples were heated for 6 hours to complete the extraction process. In the immersion method, the samples were stirred with 250 mL of ethanol at 40°C for 24 hours using a magnetic stirrer. In the ultrasonic method, the wood flour was combined with 100 mL of ethanol in a beaker. The resulting mixture was treated at 40°C for a total of 6 minutes, divided into two 3-minute intervals, using ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 20 kHz and an amplitude of 50%. The compounds present in the extracts obtained from all three methods were identified using GC-MS analysis. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts was quantified. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH method.Results: The analysis of extractable content before pre-extraction with hexane revealed that the heartwood contained a higher number of extractable materials compared to the sapwood. Following extraction using three different methods, a re-assessment of extractable content indicated that the highest amount was obtained from the sapwood using the Soxhlet method. GC-MS analysis of extracts derived from the heartwood and sapwood of Melia azedarach showed that methoxyphenol was the predominant phenolic compound identified in both wood types when extracted using the Soxhlet method. In the immersion method, beta-sitosterol was the most abundant compound in the heartwood, while methylphenol dominated in the sapwood. For the ultrasonic method, imidazolidinedione was the most abundant compound in the heartwood, and beta-sitosterol prevailed in the sapwood. The highest phenolic compound content was observed in the sapwood extract obtained using the Soxhlet method, measuring 0.45865 µg gallic acid per mg of extract. The maximum flavonoid content was also recorded in the sapwood extract from the Soxhlet method, with 0.493172 mg quercetin per gram of dry weight. Antioxidant activity assessment demonstrated that the extract obtained from the heartwood using the immersion method exhibited the highest antioxidant activity.Conclusion: This study aimed to investigate the extraction of heartwood and sapwood from Melia azedarach and evaluate the impact of three different extraction methods- soxhlet, immersion, and ultrasonic- on the yield of the extracted materials. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the extracts obtained through these methods were assessed. The results revealed that phenolic compounds constituted the majority of the extracted materials in both heartwood and sapwood extracts of this species. The soxhlet method demonstrated the highest efficiency in extracting phenolic and flavonoid compounds from the sapwood, while the immersion method exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the extracts obtained from the heartwood. These findings underscore the influence of the extraction method on the quantity and type of compounds extracted as well as their antioxidant properties. This study provides valuable insights into the potential utilization of antioxidant compounds in industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
