Chemistry of wood
Ramin Vaysi
Abstract
The aim of study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood and bark of oak. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from oak in Nowshahr forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from heart wood, sap wood and bark of oak by TAPPI standards. For ...
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The aim of study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood and bark of oak. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from oak in Nowshahr forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from heart wood, sap wood and bark of oak by TAPPI standards. For measured metallic ions, first the mineral compound of ash dissolved by 65% nitric acid and for it's identified by atomic adsorption method. The results showed that Fe, Zn and Cu ions in wood of oak were more than its bark and its Mn ion was lower. Then extractives were separated from wood flour by acetone and extractives residue transferred to glassy vial and was added BSTFA reactor to it. After samples prepared, its were injected by GC/MS for analyze. Identification of compounds was done by retention time of each compound, calculation of quartz index and Adams table. The result of GC-MS showed that there are 10, 42 and10 compounds in heart wood, sap wood and bark of oak, respectively. Comparison of chromatograms showed that Decan, Dodecan, Tetradecane and Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were exists as 4 common components in bark, sap wood and heart wood of oak and Silicic acid and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid were exists as 2 common components in bark and sap wood of oak. These compounds can very important in durability and consumption its.
Mostafa Jafari
Abstract
Environmental and climatic conditions influence growth of the trees as well as beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), a species which is widely spread in the Hyrcanian forests in northern region of Iran. However, in the northern border of the forests, Oak (Quercus macranthera) dominates. Despite the ...
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Environmental and climatic conditions influence growth of the trees as well as beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), a species which is widely spread in the Hyrcanian forests in northern region of Iran. However, in the northern border of the forests, Oak (Quercus macranthera) dominates. Despite the variation in the growth and environmental preferences of beech and oak trees, but experiencing similar climatic and environmental impacts. Therefore, the response of the species could be evaluated simulteneously in various watershed districts. Height and standing volume of Fagus orientalis Lipsky and Quercus castaneifolia as wood producing criteria in response to changes in precipitation, temperature, evaporation, longitude, latitude, elevation and ratio of forest cover to total watershed areas across Hyrcanian forest from Astara to Golidaghi-Golestan was investigated. Results showed, mean forest cover elevation increase significantly with increase in longitude but decreased as latitude increases. The ratio of forest covers to total watershed district areas decreased with increasing longitude and latitude. K-means Cluster Analysis for all variables has been done in 2, 3, 4, and 5 cluster groups using SPSS statistical software to produce cluster dendrograms. In all cluster groups, forests category groups were; height and volume of beech, height and volume of oak, precipitation, the ratio of forest cover area to total areas of watershed districts and temperature, The outcome of this research showed that, beech and oak wood production and growth are primarily affected by the precipitation, the ratio of forest cover to total watershed areas and the temperature, and in the secondary level by longitude, latitude and evaporation. Pearson Correlation at the significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 are presented.
Mostafa Jafari
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to forest wood production and stand productivity through dendroecology and analysis of the annual tree rings of forest broadleaves species. Based on this approach, samples were collected from different heights of the trees and the circumferential growth and wood production ...
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This paper presents a new approach to forest wood production and stand productivity through dendroecology and analysis of the annual tree rings of forest broadleaves species. Based on this approach, samples were collected from different heights of the trees and the circumferential growth and wood production under the growth conditions were determined and the impact of probable competition was investigated. The application of tree dendrochronological method is also considered. The results of this study as part of a comprehensive work showed that in the Caspian forest region, this method can be used for such evaluation for more than last five years. A minimum three tree species namely oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), oak (Quercus castaneaefolia C. A. Mey.) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) in three different elevations along the transect line (profile line) from low (400 m), medium (900 m) and high elevation (1250 m) in Astara, Gilan region were selected. Various behaviors of tree species and their responses to climate changes have been recorded in different elevations.
Mostafa Jafari
Abstract
Environmental and climatic conditions influence growth of the trees as well as beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), a species which is widely spread in the Hyrcanian forests in northern region of Iran. However, in the northern border of the forests, Oak (Quercus macranthera) dominates. Despite the ...
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Environmental and climatic conditions influence growth of the trees as well as beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), a species which is widely spread in the Hyrcanian forests in northern region of Iran. However, in the northern border of the forests, Oak (Quercus macranthera) dominates. Despite the variation in the growth and environmental preferences of beech and oak trees, but experiencing similar climatic and environmental impacts. Therefore, the response of the species could be evaluated simulteneously in various watershed districts. Height and standing volume of Fagus orientalis Lipsky and Quercus castaneifolia as wood producing criteria in response to changes in precipitation, temperature, evaporation, longitude, latitude, elevation and ratio of forest cover to total watershed areas across Hyrcanian forest from Astara to Golidaghi-Golestan was investigated. Results showed, mean forest cover elevation increase significantly with increase in longitude but decreased as latitude increases. The ratio of forest covers to total watershed district areas decreased with increasing longitude and latitude. K-means Cluster Analysis for all variables has been done in 2, 3, 4, and 5 cluster groups using SPSS statistical software to produce cluster dendrograms. In all cluster groups, forests category groups were; height and volume of beech, height and volume of oak, precipitation, the ratio of forest cover area to total areas of watershed districts and temperature, The outcome of this research showed that, beech and oak wood production and growth are primarily affected by the precipitation, the ratio of forest cover to total watershed areas and the temperature, and in the secondary level by longitude, latitude and evaporation. Pearson Correlation at the significance levels of 0.01 and 0.05 are presented.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Rezaneghad; Habibalah Arab tabar firozjaei
Abstract
With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak wood (Quercus castaneafolia), 2×2×45cm wood samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural wood and impregnated with Celcure. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones in north of Iran included Chamestan and Shalman ...
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With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak wood (Quercus castaneafolia), 2×2×45cm wood samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural wood and impregnated with Celcure. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones in north of Iran included Chamestan and Shalman in Mazanderan and Gilan provinces respectively. Evaluation of samples was done qualitatively based on ASTM D-1758-01. According to the results of periodically evaluation, Oak wood is “perishable”. All of the Celcure impregnated samples after 60 months were sound. Stating on longtime result of wood preservative effect needs more investigation
Physics and anatomy
Fardad Golbabaei; Ghanbar Ebrahimi; Abolfazl Kargarfard; Abbas Fakhryan roghani
Abstract
Oak (Quercus castaneafolia C.A. Mey) is one of the most important broadleaf species in the Caspian Forests of Iran. The wood of oak is highly appreciated in domestic wood industries especially furniture industry.
In this study which is a part of the extensive surveying project of the main wood engineering ...
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Oak (Quercus castaneafolia C.A. Mey) is one of the most important broadleaf species in the Caspian Forests of Iran. The wood of oak is highly appreciated in domestic wood industries especially furniture industry.
In this study which is a part of the extensive surveying project of the main wood engineering properties of Iranian woods, the natural variations of strength and related properties of two trees of about 70 years old from Shafarod Forests in Gilan province were investigated.
The properties were determined from tests on small clear specimens in the green and dry conditions following the ASTM Standard. The mechanical and physical properties studied include: stress at elastic limits, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and modulus of elasticity in static bending; shear parallel to grain, maximum crushing strength, fiber stress at proportional limit and modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to grain; compression perpendicular to grain and specific gravity.
The results of statistical analysis showed that the mechanical strength of the wood was found to be affected by percentage of moisture content of wood specimens, height of sample tree and to some extend by geographical; cal direction.
Management and Economics wood
Ali Rezanzhad; Habib alah Arabtabar
Abstract
With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), 2x2x45 cm samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural and impregnated with Celcure and creosote. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones included Qom and Khozestan provinces. Evaluation of samples were ...
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With the aim of measuring the durability of Oak (Quercus castaneafolia), 2x2x45 cm samples were prepared. The treatments were included natural and impregnated with Celcure and creosote. Wood samples with 20 replication installed in 2 zones included Qom and Khozestan provinces. Evaluation of samples were done qualitatively and based on ASTM D-1758-01. According to the results of periodically evaluation, Oak wood is “perishable”. All of the Celcure impregnated samples after 60 months and Creosote impregnated samples after 36 months installation in Khozestan, Celcure and creosote impregnated after 41 months in Qom were sound. Stating on longtime result of wood preservative effect needs more investigation.
Management and Economics wood
Habib alah Arab tabar firoz jaei; Ali Reza nezhad; Abdolrahman Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
Samples of 6 wood species including: Oak (Quercus castaneafolia) Horn beam (Carpinus betulus), Beech (Fagus orientalis), Alder (alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (platanus orientalis) and Babul (Acasia arabica) were treated with Creosote. The dimension of samples was 200 x 75 x 20 mm. Both treated and ...
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Samples of 6 wood species including: Oak (Quercus castaneafolia) Horn beam (Carpinus betulus), Beech (Fagus orientalis), Alder (alnus subcordata), Oriental plane (platanus orientalis) and Babul (Acasia arabica) were treated with Creosote. The dimension of samples was 200 x 75 x 20 mm. Both treated and untreated samples were installed in sea water (Chabahar port coasts) according to IRG/WP-4432 (1985). After 8, 12, 24, 33 months, the samples were inspected according to recommendation of ASTM D 2481. During this installation period, the control samples of Alder after 8 months, the samples of Oak and Hornbeam, Beech and Oriental plane after 12 months, seriously attacked. The grade of samples Babul after 12 months installation in sea water was 3.8. Treated samples with Creosote, samples of Oak 24 months and Hornbeam, after 33 months, were seriously attacked.So, treating with creosote using full cell process causes an increase in wood, durability against marine boreres approximately more than two times of untreated samples.
