Chemistry of wood
Ramin Vaysi
Abstract
Abstract:Background and aim: As a result of population growth, increase in paper and wood products consumption, and restrictions on using raw materials, producing ligni-culture with black poplar and poplar as fast-growing spices have found their own special status and proponents. The aim of this study ...
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Abstract:Background and aim: As a result of population growth, increase in paper and wood products consumption, and restrictions on using raw materials, producing ligni-culture with black poplar and poplar as fast-growing spices have found their own special status and proponents. The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of the phenolic chemical components in wood of black poplar (populous nigra) and poplar (populous deltoides) tree. Materials and methods: In this study, three trees from species of planted black poplar and poplar tree were randomly cut down in planted forest region of Nowshar city. Then from each tree were separated three disks, at first wood flour and then extractive measured by TAPPI standards. The wood flour was washed by acetone and extractives residue was added BSTFA reactor. In order to identification of extract, about 1mg solid extracts obtained, mixed with 30 micro liter BSTFA reagent and about 15 micro liter pyridine inside tube test. The samples kept in Ben Marry Bath in 70 oC for an hour and they were analyzed by GC/MS. Then the samples analyzed by using GC/MS on an HP 6890 Gas Chromatograph, equipped with a split/split less injector and a 5973 Mass Selective Detector (MSD). The column oven was programmed as follows: Chromatography was performed on a HP-5MS capillary column (SGE, 30 m, 0.25 mm), kind of carrier gas, Helium with 1ml/min speed and temperature program between 60 – 260 °C, increase temperature 6 °C/min. For the identification of compounds were used GC diagram which shows abundance and retention time of each compound, calculation of quartz index and Adams table. The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of C9 to C19 n-alkanes. For the Identification of compounds were used GC diagram which shows abundance and retention time of each compound, and calculation of quartz index and Adams table. The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using a homologous series of C9 to C19 n-alkanes. I=100n+100(trx-trn)/(trn+1-trn) Where: I: quartz index, n: Carbon number of normal alcan, trn+1: Retention time of unknown compound, trn: Retention time of normal alcan.Results: The result of GC-MS showed that there were 68 and 105 compounds in wood of black poplar and poplar tree, respectively. That di-Limonene (30.26%), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (10.07%), Gamma-Sitosterol (1.06%), Hexadecanoic acid (2.0 %), gamma-Terpinene (4.02%), beta-Myrcene (0.58%), 5-methyl-3-Heptanol (1.35%) and 4-Hydroxy-Benzoic acid (3.62%) were the most important compounds in wood of poplar tree. There were the Limonene (25.62%), Anymol (5.29%), gamma-Terpinene (3.38%), 1,2-Benzandicarboxylic acid(2.00%), Benzen methanol (0.94%), Agarospirol(0.91%), Tetradecanoic acid(0.19%) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (0.68%) as the most important compounds in wood of black poplar tree.Conclusion: So that, the gas chromatographs showed that Limonene, Benzene methanol, alpha-Terpineol, beta-Bisabolene, Hexadecanoic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the 7 common compounds in the wood of black poplar and poplar tree, too. These compounds can play an important role in the durability and consumption of these woods.Keywords: Black Poplar, Poplar, Retention time, BSTFA, Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry.
Chemistry of wood
Mohammad Reza Sabzehparvar; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Shademan Pourmousa
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Plant extractives show unique properties. They impart colors and change the color of wood and generates attractive appearance. Since early days, societies have been utilizing plant extractives in industrial, medical and even as fungicides and biocides. In early times ...
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Background and Objectives: Plant extractives show unique properties. They impart colors and change the color of wood and generates attractive appearance. Since early days, societies have been utilizing plant extractives in industrial, medical and even as fungicides and biocides. In early times this application was based on the professional experiences, but as the sciences were advanced, then the technical and experimental identification and utilization was employed. In general, people look at walnut tree wood and fruit as its economic values. However, scientific research has proved the values of walnut tree extractives. In this study the chemical composition of walnut tree extractives and its variation in two periods of spring and summer as well as the impact of the drying on quantity and quality of the extractive components are investigated.Methodology: Walnut tree leaves from a selected location of an old walnut tree (100 years old) in mountain region of Karaj were collected in spring and summer. One part of the samples was air dried and another portion was used at green moisture condition. Totally four samples were obtained. Ethanol-acetone extraction was according to Tappi T204-05 procedure. The extractive was identified using GC-MASS spectroscopy and the chemical components in the extractives were identified and tabulated. Results: The results revealed that the dried leaves contain fewer chemical compounds compared to green samples which can be an indication that some of the compounds in green sample are volatile and vaporize upon drying. Furthermore, the extractives chemical composition and content varies between spring and summer samples. The major chemical compounds identified were 2-methylneptaline, tri-decan, tetradecan, 2,3-dimethyl naptaline and methylcyclobenzen.Conclusion: The results indicated the seasonal variation of walnut tree extractives. These is also considerable variation in wet and dry samples which can be attributed to the presence of volatile compounds. The odor of walnut leaves is the consequence of existence of such volatile extractives. The absence of some of the compounds in summer samples indicate the seasonal changes of the extractives.
Chemistry of wood
Ramin Vaysi; Majid Kiaei; Sayed Sajad Ashrafi; Amin Jourbandian
Abstract
The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of the phenolic chemical components in wood of Siberian elm, Common elm and Mountain elm tree. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from of elm trees in Nowshahr's forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from ...
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The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of the phenolic chemical components in wood of Siberian elm, Common elm and Mountain elm tree. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from of elm trees in Nowshahr's forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from these woods of species (separate) by TAPPI standards. After samples prepared, samples were injected to the GC/MS device for it analysis. Identification of compounds was done by retention time of each compound, calculation of Quats index and Adams table. The result of GC-MS showed that there were 116, 41 and 18 compounds in wood of Siberian elm, Common elm and Mountain elm tree, respectively. That 5-Hydroxy-calamenen (21.23%), 1-Naphthalen carboxylic acid (15.41%), Naphthalene (0.96%) and phthalate (1.00%) were the most important compounds in wood of Siberian elm. The 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,5-dimethyl-8-(1-methylethyl)-1-Naphthalenol(18.59%), Gamma-Sitosterol (13.44%), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (12.28%) and 1-Naphthalen carboxylic acid (5.73%) were the most important compounds in wood of Common elm, too. There were the bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (93.40%), 4-(N-Isopropylamino)-6-phenyl (1.89%), 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol (1.80%) and 8-methoxy-1-acetonaphthone (0.27%) as the most important compounds in wood of Mountain elm tree. In addition, the results showed that 9,12-Octadecanoic acid, Hexadecane, Dodecan, Tetradecan, 1-Naphthalen carboxylic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the 6 common compounds in the wood of Siberian elm and Common elm tree. There were the Qoinindolin, Tetradecan, Hexadecanoic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the 4 common compounds in the wood of Siberian elm and Mountain elm tree. There were the Tetradecan, Hexadecanoic acid and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the 3 common compounds in the wood of Common elm and Mountain elm tree, too. The gas chromatographs showed that Tetradecan and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the 2 common compounds in three spices of elm trees.
Chemistry of wood
Ramin Vaysi
Abstract
The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood of maple tree. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from persuan maple and Caucasian maple tree in Nowshahr's forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from heartwood, sapwood of ...
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The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood of maple tree. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from persuan maple and Caucasian maple tree in Nowshahr's forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from heartwood, sapwood of maple tree by TAPPI standards. For measured metallic ions, by atomic absorption method. The ions results showed that mn, co, fe, zn, and cu ions in Caucasian maple were more than persuan maple, but k ion was lower. Then extractives were separated from wood flour by acetone and extractives residue transferred to glass vial and was added BSTFA reactive agent to it. After samples prepared, samples were injected to the GC/MS device for it analysis. Identification of compounds was done by retention time of each compound, calculation of Quats index and Adams table. The result of GC-MS showed that there are 39 compounds in persuan maple, that benzaldehyde, bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, gibberllin A3 and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid were important components. 24 components identified in Acer leatum that di-limonene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,alpha- terpen and alpha-pinene as important components. Comparison of chromatograms showed that di-limonene and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were exists as 2 common components in persuan maple and Caucasian maple tree. These compounds can very important in durability and consumption its.
Chemistry of wood
Seyed Hassan Sharifi; Saltanat Archin; Leila Aghanaghifar
Abstract
DOR:98.1000/1735-0913.1398.34.16.66.1.1575.1603 One of the most important sources of environmental pollution is dye from industrial wastewater which is harmful for human health and environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions ...
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DOR:98.1000/1735-0913.1398.34.16.66.1.1575.1603 One of the most important sources of environmental pollution is dye from industrial wastewater which is harmful for human health and environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions by straw using ultrasonic wave with response surface methodology. The batch experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH on dye removal from aqueous solution. Response surface methodology was applied to appraise the effect of these different variables. The dye concentration in the solutions was measured by spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 664 nm. The results showed that the optimum parameter values for maximum color removal efficiency were: dye concentration 20 mg/L, reaction time 8 min, dose of adsorbent 4 g/L and pH=9. The Maximum and minimum dye removal were obtained 92.29 and 47.5 percent, respectively. Analysis of variances test showed that the quadratic model was the best model to explain the interaction of variables. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination value (R2 =0.9116) was high, showing that the experimental values fitted well with the predicted values. In addition, the statistical analysis of the results indicated that in the range studied, dose of adsorbent and pH had a significant effect on color removal efficiency. The Gibbs free energy and enthalpy data verified its spontaneous and endothermic nature. In addition, survey of pseudo first and second order kinetics models presented that the adsorption process was compatible to pseudo-second order kinetics equation.
Chemistry of wood
alireza ziapour; Abbas Zare
Abstract
Chemical and biological treatment of dye- containing wastewaters is difficult due to the low adsorption level and chemical stability of dyes. Activated carbon is usually used for adsorption of these materials, but because of high prices and restore problems, researchers trying to find available low-cost ...
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Chemical and biological treatment of dye- containing wastewaters is difficult due to the low adsorption level and chemical stability of dyes. Activated carbon is usually used for adsorption of these materials, but because of high prices and restore problems, researchers trying to find available low-cost materials with high adsorption. In this study, bagasse was used for adsorption of Remzol Black B dye and its capability was examined. Variables were concentration, temperature, pH and contact time, and the degree of adsorption was examined in different situations. Then, adsorption isotherm according to Langmuir and Freundlich models was investigated. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency depends more on pH of solution and less on temperature of the solution. Maximum adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse occurred in the first 15 minutes of contact. The study of adsorption isotherm showed that both models are suitable for description of adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse. Maximum adsorption of Remzol Black B dye by bagasse was calculated as 7.51 mg/g. Results of this study showed that bagasse could be used as a low-cost bio adsorbent for the adsorption of Remzol Black B from aqueous solution.
Pulp and paper
Jafar Ebrahimpoor kasmani; Amir mohssen Nazeri; Ali Ashryeh
Abstract
In this investigation , effects of different humidity and heat on quality of Corrugated board , was studied , and optimum treatment indicated Variables in this Paper was : Corrugator speed (50,100,150m/min) ,wraping angle of the paper around preheaters ...
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In this investigation , effects of different humidity and heat on quality of Corrugated board , was studied , and optimum treatment indicated Variables in this Paper was : Corrugator speed (50,100,150m/min) ,wraping angle of the paper around preheaters (90,180,300 degree) and moisture of paper (6.5%,7%,8.5%). Papers that treated for this purpose was included : 125gsm kraft liner ,127 gsm medium paper and 140gsm test liner paper. A flut type of 3ply Corugated board was selected for this study.Moisture of paper was measured in 3 places : Paper on roll stand before single facer , paper after singlefacer preheater and paper before incoming doublefacer in hot plate unit. Also temprature was measured in corrugator rolls ,hot Plates in double facer and final Board after Exiting of the Machine.
Results show that , warp of final board decreased in speed 50 and 100m/min ,moisture 7% and 1800 wraping angle of the paper around preheater.
That means lower speeds and higher wraping angles cause to more heat on corrugated board and decreasing in warp content resulted.It should be noted that lower humidity more than 7% and increase wraping angle more than 180 degree cause to over drying and intensive moisture decrease in final board that cause to reverse warp in final board.
Chemistry of wood
Ramin Vaysi; Farzad Yousefi
Abstract
The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood of Alnus subcordata and Alnus subglotinosa. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from Alnus subcordata and Alnus subglotinosa in Nowshahr's forest region. So that, first, flour and extractives ...
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The aim of this study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood of Alnus subcordata and Alnus subglotinosa. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from Alnus subcordata and Alnus subglotinosa in Nowshahr's forest region. So that, first, flour and extractives by acetone were provided by TAPPI standards methods. Then, extractives residue transferred to glass vial and was added BSTFA reactive agent to it. After prepared, samples were injected to the GC/MS device for it analysis. Identification of compounds was done by retention time of each compound, calculation of Quats index and Adams table. The result of GC-MS showed that there are 99 compounds in alnus subcordata, so that, dibutyl phthalate (9.15%), 2,2-oxybis-ethanol(6.62%), 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid(2.63%) and squalene(0.48%) were important compounds. In alnus glutinosa, from 127 indentified compounds, butanedioic, monomethyl ester(10.88%), isopropenoxypropan-2-ol(8.82%),3,5-dioxaundecane(7.73%),gamma-sitosterol (3.53%) and vanillin(0.39%) were important compounds. Comparison of chromatograms mention samples showed that there are 12 common components in Alnus subcordata and Alnus subglotinosa, that tetradecane, hexadecane,heptadecane, isopropenoxypropan-2-ol and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were important components. Some of these compounds can very important in durability and consumption Alnus subcordata and Alnus subglotinosa.
Chemistry of wood
Seddigheh Afraz; Seyyed Khalil Hosseinihashemi
Abstract
In this research, the bark extract of the yew (Taxus baccata L.) tree trunk grow in AfraTakhte forest cache of Aliabad-e Katul) located in Golestan province was extracted with acetone solvent and by Soxhlet apparatus method and then the chemical components within it were identified. The bark of prepared ...
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In this research, the bark extract of the yew (Taxus baccata L.) tree trunk grow in AfraTakhte forest cache of Aliabad-e Katul) located in Golestan province was extracted with acetone solvent and by Soxhlet apparatus method and then the chemical components within it were identified. The bark of prepared disks was separated and converted to the flour. Afterwards, extract insoluble acetone solvent was prepared according to TAPPI standard method. In order to silylation of compounds, amount of dry powder of extract was poured into a glass vial and the derivative materials (pyridine, BSTFA + TMCS 1%) were added to it and to identification the sample was injected to the gas chromatography- mass spectrometry device. The results from this research indicated that the mean value of acetone extract of yew bark was 13.63%. Generally, 46 compounds were identified in the yew bark. The most abundant identified compounds were including: tetrasiloxane, decamethyl- (14.80%), hexadecanoic acid, hydroxy ester (11.24%), 3-(3-aminopropyl)-6-(3,3-dimethylallylamino)purine (9.85%), d-ribofuranose, 1,2,3,5-tetrakis-O-(hydroxy)- (9.31%), 2-methylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-1(2H)-one (6.73%). The various chemical components such as phenolic, flavenoid, alkaloid, fatty acid, fatty acid ester, sugar, alkane, fatty alcohol, alcoholic sugar, and stroied were identified in the acetone extract of yew bark that some of them can synthesized as preservatives for inhibition of wood-degrading organisms. The most important identified cytotoxic and anticancer compounds in the acetone extract of yew bark has been 4-piperidinone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- (0.19%) and phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethy)- (3.32%).
Chemistry of wood
Soheil pourmahmoudi; Iman Torabi vostikulaee; Elham Omidbakhsh Amiri
Abstract
Mazandaran wood and paper industry is known as the largest manufacturer of paper in the Middle East. Black liquor is liquid product of pulp cooking chemical process, which is much polluted because of some organic and inorganic compounds. So, chemical and energy recovery of black liquor are one of the ...
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Mazandaran wood and paper industry is known as the largest manufacturer of paper in the Middle East. Black liquor is liquid product of pulp cooking chemical process, which is much polluted because of some organic and inorganic compounds. So, chemical and energy recovery of black liquor are one of the interesting studies. There are different ways for this one among them concentration method of liquor is used in Mazandaran wood and paper industry. In this work, Condensing unit of liquor was simulated by Hysys software. Then, simulation results were compared with factory data and acceptable results were obtained. In the next step, the effect of operating conditions of the two main feed streams was studied. The results showed that with increasing of dilute liquor temperature, concentration of output liquor flow increases as per 40°C increasing of temperature, almost 28 percent of the condensed value increases. Also, by 10 kPa increasing of the dilute liquor pressure, approximately 39% of condensed value decreases. By increasing the pressure and flow rate of steam, concentration of output liquor somewhat increases, while, this increasing for flow rate, is initially steep and then less steep. The effect of steam temperature on the concentration of output liquor at different pressures must be checked individually.
Chemistry of wood
Mehdi Abdolahi; Said amir Mosavian; Akbar Varamsh; Amin Asadi
Abstract
In this research, two types of lignin, i.e. one extracted from industrial waste water of the Iran wood and paper (choka) factory as black liquor and another provided from Aldrich company, were studied. Firstly, the lignin was precipitated from its black liquor by a dilute acid and was then purified by ...
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In this research, two types of lignin, i.e. one extracted from industrial waste water of the Iran wood and paper (choka) factory as black liquor and another provided from Aldrich company, were studied. Firstly, the lignin was precipitated from its black liquor by a dilute acid and was then purified by dissolving in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Lignin samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopies. It was found from results that the Aldrich lignin has a structure similar with the lignosulfonate while lignin extracted from black liquor does not have a hydrophilic sulfonate group and has a Kraft lignin structure. Using acetylation of Kraft lignin and complementary characterization with 1HNMR spectroscopy, the ratio of hydroxyl functional groups to methoxy groups was calculated to be 1.11 to 1, and amount of the hydroxyl groups was calculated to be 5.91 mmol/g of acetylated lignin, where 53% of the hydroxyl groups is related to the aromatic hydroxyl groups. By having the molecular weight of the Kraft lignin which was obtained from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis of the acetylated Kraft lignin to be 1260 g/mol, average number of the hydroxyl groups per acetylated lignin chain was calculated to be 7.44.
Chemistry of wood
Ramin Vaysi
Abstract
The aim of study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood and bark of oak. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from oak in Nowshahr forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from heart wood, sap wood and bark of oak by TAPPI standards. For ...
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The aim of study was accomplished on identification and comparison of chemical compounds in wood and bark of oak. For this purpose, the samples were chosen randomly from oak in Nowshahr forest region. Then, flour and ash were provided from heart wood, sap wood and bark of oak by TAPPI standards. For measured metallic ions, first the mineral compound of ash dissolved by 65% nitric acid and for it's identified by atomic adsorption method. The results showed that Fe, Zn and Cu ions in wood of oak were more than its bark and its Mn ion was lower. Then extractives were separated from wood flour by acetone and extractives residue transferred to glassy vial and was added BSTFA reactor to it. After samples prepared, its were injected by GC/MS for analyze. Identification of compounds was done by retention time of each compound, calculation of quartz index and Adams table. The result of GC-MS showed that there are 10, 42 and10 compounds in heart wood, sap wood and bark of oak, respectively. Comparison of chromatograms showed that Decan, Dodecan, Tetradecane and Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate were exists as 4 common components in bark, sap wood and heart wood of oak and Silicic acid and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid were exists as 2 common components in bark and sap wood of oak. These compounds can very important in durability and consumption its.
Chemistry of wood
Asghar Tabei
Abstract
In this study, changes in optical behavior of Poplar Kraft lignin before and after methylation by using dimethyl sulphate, was monitored by measuring optical indices ( brightness,light absorbtion coefficient, light scattering coefficient,light absorbtion coefficient to light scattering coefficient ratio ...
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In this study, changes in optical behavior of Poplar Kraft lignin before and after methylation by using dimethyl sulphate, was monitored by measuring optical indices ( brightness,light absorbtion coefficient, light scattering coefficient,light absorbtion coefficient to light scattering coefficient ratio and Post-Color numbers) of impregnated papers following accelerated photo aging. The structural changes in lignin caused by methylation reaction, were verified by using fourier transform infar red( FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results showed that, by methylation of lignin, it was observed that, in methylated lignin-containing papers, the extent and stability of brightness is more and post- color number is less compared to control samples. In methylated samples, even the strange phenomenon of photo bleaching was observed. Therefore, it was found that, methylation of lignin can prevent the formation of quinone groups and increases the stability of the optical indices in the photo aging conditions.Keywords: Kraft lignin, methylation treatment, accelerated photo- aging, optical indices,lignin-containing papers.
Chemistry of wood
milad tajik; ramin vaysi; majid kiaei
Abstract
This research was carried out to identification and comparison of organically chemical component in the wood / bark extractives Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Three healthy trees were cut down from Nowshahr forest and samples were converted into the wood flour. The extractives was prepared with acetone solvent ...
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This research was carried out to identification and comparison of organically chemical component in the wood / bark extractives Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Three healthy trees were cut down from Nowshahr forest and samples were converted into the wood flour. The extractives was prepared with acetone solvent according to TAPPI standard, then transfer to the ballon and then the BSTFA catalyst was added and transfer to the GC / MS injections. Identification of components was done according to the retention time curve, calculation of Kovats correlation and Adams table. Out of 13 components in the bark of Eucalyptus and 18 components in that wood, 2 constituents such as Bis (2 - ethyl hexyl) phthalate and hexadecanoic acid was detected as the same. The most important of chemical component in the bark is (2 _ ethyl hexyl) phthalate (98.72 %). 2 - Pentanone (57.41 %) was important component in the eucalyptus wood .
Physics and Mechanical Wood
parisa azari; mohammad talaeipour; noorodin nazarnezhad; behzad bazyar
Abstract
In this study the effect of surface oxidation of wood particles in order to reducing amount of adhesive for making single layer particleboard was investigated. Oxidation of wood particles cause to form carboxylic groups and free phenolic radicals that lead to activate the surface of wood particles for ...
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In this study the effect of surface oxidation of wood particles in order to reducing amount of adhesive for making single layer particleboard was investigated. Oxidation of wood particles cause to form carboxylic groups and free phenolic radicals that lead to activate the surface of wood particles for adhesion. This search was conducted on Populus nigra wood particles that they were oxidized by nitric acid (40%) including 0, 2, 4 and 6 percent (based on OD weight of wood). These wood particles were adhered by phenol formaldehyde resin in three amounts of 3, 5 and 7 percent (based on OD weight of wood) then wood particle cakes pressed in 180 degree of centigrade, 5 min and 30 kg/cm2. The results indicate that maximum MOR, MOE and minimum water absorption and swelling thickness was observed in boards with 7% adhesive and 4% acid. Using 5% adhesive and 4% acid had the best performance on shearing strength.
Physics and anatomy
Elahe Mehri; Ali Ghasemian
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate biometrical properties of bark, node and internode chemical components of Bamboo phyllostachys pubescens. The results showed, there were significant difference between fiber length of bark, node and internode; and internode had maximum fiber length and node had ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate biometrical properties of bark, node and internode chemical components of Bamboo phyllostachys pubescens. The results showed, there were significant difference between fiber length of bark, node and internode; and internode had maximum fiber length and node had minimum fiber length. There were also significant difference between lumen diameter and cell wall thickness; and node had the highest value. In terms of chemical compositions; amount of extractives, lignin and ash of node were more than internode, but there weren’t significant differences at the 95% confidence, while the amount of cellulose of internode was significantly more than node. Slenderness ratio, flexibility ratio and Raunkel ratio were also calculated for bark 93.06, 36.641, 172.916% and for node 46.308, 33.108, 202.035% and for internode 88.151, 31.678, 215.666% respectively. Generally the observations indicated that, according to the characteristics of the fiber of this nonwood plant, it can be recommended to produce pulp and paper.
Pulp and paper
Seyyed Peyman Hashemi Beygzadmahalleh; Seyyed Pedram Hashemi Beygzadmahalleh; Asghar Tabei
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotianan tabacum) and an old industrial plant in the north, Iran to supply tobacco leaf to produce significant amounts of stem tobacco cultivation and the annual production is in the north of the country. In this research stems of tobacco variety Coker 347 randomly Gilan district, city of ...
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Tobacco (Nicotianan tabacum) and an old industrial plant in the north, Iran to supply tobacco leaf to produce significant amounts of stem tobacco cultivation and the annual production is in the north of the country. In this research stems of tobacco variety Coker 347 randomly Gilan district, city of Astara was prepared according to the TAPPI standard test, wood flour were prepared and extractives were determined. The results showed that the mean shoot extractive tobacco varieties Coker 347 (10.41 percent). The extractive solvent toluene - ethanol volume ratio (2 : 1) of milled wood was extracted. Extractive made into a glass vial and transferred to the BSTFA reagent was added. Samples for one hour at room temperature and 70 ° C water bath and then by (GC / MS) were analyzed. Atotal of 11 chemical compounds in tobacco stem wood extractives variety Coker 347 were identified with different percentages of tobacco stem wood Coker 347 varieties exist. These compounds include, P- Prydyn , 1 – tri methyl Saylyl , 1,2 - benzene di- carboxyl acid , alpha - D - Golokopyranoz , 11, 8 – di methyl - 13 - (4 - aksu -1 - methyl ) , tri Floyver methyl isopropyl sulfide are the highest values.
Pulp and paper
Amir mohsen Nazry; Mohammad Talaeipoor; Saeed Mahdavi
Abstract
The effects of different fines with different shape and size of mechanical Pulp on Paper Properties in two fractions was investigated. Fines was classified in two categories including fibrils and flakes , and then effect of these particles on pulp properties was studied.The fibril fraction was consist ...
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The effects of different fines with different shape and size of mechanical Pulp on Paper Properties in two fractions was investigated. Fines was classified in two categories including fibrils and flakes , and then effect of these particles on pulp properties was studied.The fibril fraction was consist of fibrillar material, i.e., ribbons, fibrils, and thin lamella particles. The flake fraction consist of flake like material i.e., fiber wall fragments and thick lamella. An advanced image analysis method was used to characterize the properties of fibrils and flakes. The results indicate that the fibrils and flake fractions have distinct characteristics and effect on sheet properties. The fibrils strongly affected the strength properties, while the flakes improved light scattering. Generally, the smaller size Particles afforded higher sheet density and strength. Fines content and fibrillar material are very important parameters in mechanical pulping and can also affect quality controlling of mechanical pulp and papermaking.
Composite wood products
Hamid Hatefnia; Ali akbar Enayati; Kazem Dost hosseini; Mohammad Azadfallah
Abstract
Poplar wood chips were treated by steaming in different conditions. The chemical composition changes of milled wood were studied. The obtained results indicate hemicelluloses degradation, reduction of acetyl groups and formation of organic acid during the treatment. It was also found that steam treatment ...
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Poplar wood chips were treated by steaming in different conditions. The chemical composition changes of milled wood were studied. The obtained results indicate hemicelluloses degradation, reduction of acetyl groups and formation of organic acid during the treatment. It was also found that steam treatment has led to degradation of low-molecular lignin units, decrease in cellulose amorphous regions, increase of acetone extractives and hot water solubility as well as one percent sodium hydroxide solubility. The FT-IR spectra indicated a structural change of aromatic polymers in the wood, cleavage of the acetyl group of hemicelluloses and formation of organic acid.
Pulp and paper
Mohammad ali Azad far; Rabie Behroz; Ahmad Jahan - Latibari
Abstract
The influence of oxygen delignification as an environmental friendly process, was investigated on Soda/AQ pulp from Old Corrugated Container (OCC) fibers. Oxygen delignification at four levels of alkali (2, 3, 4 and 6% based on OD weight of pulp) has been applied and the optimum alkalinity to reach optimum ...
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The influence of oxygen delignification as an environmental friendly process, was investigated on Soda/AQ pulp from Old Corrugated Container (OCC) fibers. Oxygen delignification at four levels of alkali (2, 3, 4 and 6% based on OD weight of pulp) has been applied and the optimum alkalinity to reach optimum Kappa no, yield and brightness, opacity and strength based on 60 g/m2 hand sheets were determined. The results indicated that application of oxygen delignification marginally reduced the opacity of the pulp. Tear strength increased where as tensile and burst strength decreased. Based on the comparison of the data from oxygen delignified pulp, it is concluded that oxygen can be utilized to improve the properties of soda-AQ pulp from OCC prepared for bleaching step. Carbohydrates are preserved while removing lignin. Normalized equations revealed that oxygen delignification at 3% alkali produced the best results.
Pulp and paper
Yahya Hamzeh; Babak Mirzaei; Kazem Dost hosseini; Alireza Ashori; Kambiz Rashedi; Alyeh olfat
Abstract
Characteristics of pulp and paper mill solid wastes depend generally on the raw materials, stock preparation process as well as wastewater treatment plant. In order to determine the best application of paper mill solid wastes, physicochemical properties of solid waste produced in the Mazandaran Wood ...
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Characteristics of pulp and paper mill solid wastes depend generally on the raw materials, stock preparation process as well as wastewater treatment plant. In order to determine the best application of paper mill solid wastes, physicochemical properties of solid waste produced in the Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industry Co. and Latif Paper Co. were analyzed. The dry content, pH, fiber dimensions, composition of organic and inorganic compounds of the both solid were analyzed. The dry content of the produced wastes in Latif and Mazandran were determined as 69.3 and 36.7 percent, respectively. The pH of both wastes was close to neutral (pH/7.0). The fiber length of Latif and Mazandaran wastes were 1.68 and 1.08 mm, respectively. In addition, the total amount of carbohydrates, glucose and mannose quantity in the Latif waste were determined as 48.09, 29.5 and 7.2 percent that were higher than that of Mazandaran waste. In the contrary, the lignin, xylose and galactose content of Mazandaran waste were determined as 15.3, 17.3 and 3.7 percent that were higher than those of Latif waste. The mineral content of Latif and Mazandarn wastes were determined 44.7 and 39.5 percent, respectively. XRF analyses revealed that the predominant elements in the incinerated ash of both wastes contained calcium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon oxidethat can be used as raw material for lightweight concrete and zeolite synthesis.
Chemistry of wood
Ahmad Mirshokraei
Abstract
In this study, changes in optical behavior of poplar Kraft lignin and bagasse Soda lignin, before and after reducing with sodium borohydride and sodium hydrosulfite (dithionite) and also after methylation using dimethyl sulfate, was monitored by measuring optical indices (brightness, k/s, whiteness and ...
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In this study, changes in optical behavior of poplar Kraft lignin and bagasse Soda lignin, before and after reducing with sodium borohydride and sodium hydrosulfite (dithionite) and also after methylation using dimethyl sulfate, was monitored by measuring optical indices (brightness, k/s, whiteness and Post-Color numbers) of impregnated papers following accelerated thermal aging. The structural changes in lignins caused by reductive reactions, were mostly verified by using absorbance changes (UV-Vis spectrometry) and FI-IR spectroscopy. It was observed that, regarding elimination of chromophoric carbonyl and quinone groups, sodium borohydride showed better and more sustainable performance than sodium hydrosulfite. Therefore, it could be inferred that to improve the brightness of lignin-containing papers and persistance of this brightness, sodium borohydride could exhibit more efficiency and higher applicability.
Pulp and paper
Iman Akbarpour; Hossein Resalati
Abstract
This research was accomplished in order to investigate the replacement of organic complex of Glanapone Stab with sodium silicate on optical properties of hardwood CMP pulp bleached by hydrogen peroxide. The highest brightness of 65.5% and the lowest yellowness of 21.6% was attained at silicate-free ...
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This research was accomplished in order to investigate the replacement of organic complex of Glanapone Stab with sodium silicate on optical properties of hardwood CMP pulp bleached by hydrogen peroxide. The highest brightness of 65.5% and the lowest yellowness of 21.6% was attained at silicate-free followed by replacement of 0.7% and 1.5% Glanapone. But the highest opacity 98.2% was gained using 0.5% glanapone. The brightness of paper increased to 68.1% and the yellowness decreased to 20.8. by adding of glanapone consumption from 0.4% to 0.5% in blended with 0.7% sodium silicate. At higher levels than 0.5% glanapone, the brightness of paper decreased and the yellowness increased. Using Higher levels of 1 and 1.5% glanapone in blended with 0.7% sodium silicate resulted the highest opacity 97.9% and 98%, respectively. Increasing of peroxide usage up to 5% at two different states of silicate-free and silicate-containing with glanapone resulted in the paper with higher brightness and lower yellowness and opacity. CMP pulps bleached at 120 minutes resulted the highest brightness of 71.1% and the lowest yellowness of 18.3% at silicate-containing state with glanapone. Maximum opacity of 98.3% and 98% were shown at bleaching time 30 minutes at two states silicate-free and silicate-containing state with glanapone, respectively. In this research with regard to optical properties in relation to paper produced from CMP pulp bleaching at two states silicate-free and silicate-containing with glanapone,it can be said that possibility of producing the paper with similar optical properties or even better using 0.7% or 1.5% at silicate-free is in compared to conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Also, we could produce the paper with higher brightness along with lower yellowness and similar opacity followed by bleaching time of 120 minutes and hydrogen peroxide 5% in combination of 0.7% sodium silicate with 0.5% glanapone in compared to higher consumed values of sodium silicate.
Pulp and paper
saeed mahdavi; masoudreza habibi; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic ...
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Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic material in Iran. Sampling was carried out from two varieties of oil seed rape, Hiola 401 and PF, based on initial compatibility experiments and yield in Mazandaran province from Baye-colla research station. The results show that at least 4 ton/hect. oven dry rapeseed straws are available. There were significant differences between fiber width, lumen diameter, ash and extractive contents in two varieties. Rapeseed straw as a lignocellulosic material was achieved at 10 score according to the five characteristics consisting of phytology, fiber dimension, fiber yield, chemical components and appearance feature. This means more studies are necessary to make a final assessment.
Chemistry of wood
Sayed ahmad Mirshokraei; Ali Abdolkhani; Alinaghi Karimi
Abstract
In this paper, a novel enzymatic method was evaluated for isolation and purification of wood lignin. The chemical structure of enzymatic lignin (Cellulytic lignin) was compared with conventional Bjorkman method (Milled wood lignin). The chemical structure elucidation was performed ...
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In this paper, a novel enzymatic method was evaluated for isolation and purification of wood lignin. The chemical structure of enzymatic lignin (Cellulytic lignin) was compared with conventional Bjorkman method (Milled wood lignin). The chemical structure elucidation was performed with FTIR, quantative 13CNMR, basic elemental analysis and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The results showed that enzymatic lignin preparation has a better chemical structure than MWL. Comparing to conventional isolation methods, application of an enzyme sequence with reduced milling time could lead to a mild extraction with less structural degradation of lignin. Resulting lignin could be more representative for wood lignin than milled wood lignin.
