Management and Economics wood
Reza Jazayeri; Reza Hajihassani; Sedighe Nazari
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment with boric acid impregnation on some physical and mechanical characteristics and fire resistance of poplar (Populus nigra) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) wood. In this study, two times of 60 and 90 minutes with two ...
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The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal treatment with boric acid impregnation on some physical and mechanical characteristics and fire resistance of poplar (Populus nigra) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) wood. In this study, two times of 60 and 90 minutes with two temperatures of 150○C and 180○C were used for the hydrothermal treatment, and boric acid with concentrations of 1, 3 and 5% dissolved in water used for the impregnation treatment. The measurement of the characteristics, including bending strength, impact resistance, volumetric swilling and fire resistance (weight loss due to fire) were done by ASTM-D143, ASTM-D256, ASTM 4446-2002 and ISO 11925 standards, respectively. About fire resistance, 5% boric acid treatment showed the least weight loss due to burning in the wood of two species. As a result of the hydrothermal treatment alone, the fire resistance was even lower than the control. In this regard, the combination of hydrothermal treatment with boric acid treatment resulted in results close to those of hydrothermal with boric acid treatment. Positive effect of hydrothermal treatment on the improvement of dimensional stability, is considered as one of the results of the present study. The temperature of 180○C with a time of 90 minutes reduced the swelling of poplar and radiata pine by about 36.8 and 42%, respectively. Regarding impact resistance, the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the wood of both species and the effect of boric acid treatment on radiata pine wood were negative. Hydrothermal treatment at a temperature of 180○C and with a time of 90 minutes decreased the impact resistance by 28.2% in the wood of both species, and 5% boric acid treatment caused a 13.3% decrease in this property in radiata pine wood.
Mohammad Reza topa esfandiyari; Mohammad Talaei poor; Habibollah Khademi Eslam; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie; Behzad Bazyar
Abstract
This study uses the Lignin-Glyoxal adhesive to replace chemical resins with environmental compounds producing plywood. producing plywood, pure Lignin (L.100%), lignin- glyoxal 15% (L.85-G.15), lignin-glyoxal 30% (L.70-G.30) and Urea-formaldehyde (control) were used as adhesive at 160 gr/m2 level. Accompanied ...
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This study uses the Lignin-Glyoxal adhesive to replace chemical resins with environmental compounds producing plywood. producing plywood, pure Lignin (L.100%), lignin- glyoxal 15% (L.85-G.15), lignin-glyoxal 30% (L.70-G.30) and Urea-formaldehyde (control) were used as adhesive at 160 gr/m2 level. Accompanied with ammonium chloride (1%) as the hardener and wheat flour (30%) as the filler based on the dry weight of the adhesive characteristics of adhesives included solid material percentage, viscosity, specific weight and PH were measured. After producing the laboratory boards, the physical and mechanical properties of samples, such as thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of being soaked in water, shear strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity were measured. In addition, the groups and bonds in the pure lignin and lignin-gloxal adhesives were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that the independent effect of adhesive type on the thickness swelling of plywood after 2 and 24 hours was significant. Although the results suggest that modifying the lignin would improve the plywood in all cases, the control boards had better featurers than those made with the Lignin-Glyoxal adhesive.
Composite wood products
Laya jamali rad; saeed Narooei
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using tobacco stalk and industrial wood particles in particleboard industry as a waste material that is not consumed and discarded and has a low price, followed by a reduction in production costs from the way of choosing this raw material ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using tobacco stalk and industrial wood particles in particleboard industry as a waste material that is not consumed and discarded and has a low price, followed by a reduction in production costs from the way of choosing this raw material was of low value. For this purpose, the particles of tobacco stalk and industrial wood particles with different ratios of 0:100, 30:70 and 60:40, using the amount of adhesive used 12% and 14% (based on the dry weight of the wood chips) and the press time of 5 minutes for the construction of the board was considered. Physical and mechanical properties including thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water and bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bonding (IB) were measured and all data were statistically analyzed. According to the results of this study, the increase in tobacco stalk particles resulted in increased thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water and reduced bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding, but all boards had a European standard (EN). Increasing the amount of resin also had a significant effect on all the properties of the boards and improved the properties. In a general conclusion and by comparing the properties of the boards produced with the European standard (EN), showed that using 60% tobacco stalk and 12% urea formaldehyde resin can be produced particleboard with the desired properties. This is a positive result of using tobacco stalk as a type of agricultural residue and, consequently, the prevention of environmental pollution caused by the burning of these compounds.
Composite wood products
Abolfazl Kargarfard; Amir nourbakhsh; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
The aim of this study has been utilization of recycled polyethylene in modification of physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Therefore, three levels of resin consumption content ( 10, 7 and 4% ) and three levels of recycled polyethylene consumption content 5, 10 and 15% in surface layer ...
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The aim of this study has been utilization of recycled polyethylene in modification of physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Therefore, three levels of resin consumption content ( 10, 7 and 4% ) and three levels of recycled polyethylene consumption content 5, 10 and 15% in surface layer of mat, particleboards produced. Also in order to influence of these variables on physical and mechanical properties of produced boards, 3 particleboards with 10% resin content in surface layer and without polyethylene as control samples produced. The physical and mechanical properties of boards measured and analyzed. The results of this study indicated that with increasing of the recycled polyethylene consumption content, the MOR, MOE and thickness swelling of boards improved significantly and the produced boards with 15% recycled polyethylene in compare with control boards increased 59 and 53% respectively. Also the results revealed that the water absorption of boards decreased with increasing of increasing of recycled polyethylene consumption content, and the minimum of water absorption of boards observed in the produced boards with 15% recycled polyethylene. Based on the results of this research and with increasing of polymeric residues in the envirement , we conclude that the utilization of recycled polyethylene in particleboard production has different advantages.
Composite wood products
Samira Brzali; Laya Jamalirad; Farshid Faraji; Sahab Hejazi
Abstract
In this research with the aim of using a natural component, renewable and environmentally friendly which is not environmental pollution, the physical and mechanical properties of plywood manufactured by populous with urea formaldehyde resin and silk cocoon were studied. For this purpose, silk cocoon ...
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In this research with the aim of using a natural component, renewable and environmentally friendly which is not environmental pollution, the physical and mechanical properties of plywood manufactured by populous with urea formaldehyde resin and silk cocoon were studied. For this purpose, silk cocoon was used as filler and reinforcement for four levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent according to dry weight of urea formaldehyde resin. The physical and mechanical properties of samples including water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water, bending strength parallel and perpendicular to the surface layer grain and shear strength were measured. The results show that increasing the amount of silk cocoon, decreased water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water and increased bending strength parallel and perpendicular to the surface layer grain and shear strength. So that, using 30 percent of silk cocoon, dimensional stability, bending strength and shear strength, were improved.
Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings
Mostafa Poozesh; Hamid Reza Mansouri; babak Nosrati; Alireza Samzadeh
Abstract
This objective of this investigation was to modify and improve the water resistance of urea formaldehyde (UF) bonded particleboard adding Boric acid to the resin. Four levels (1, 2, 3 and 4) of boric acid based on the dry weight of the bonder were added to the UF resin. Then these mixtures were ...
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This objective of this investigation was to modify and improve the water resistance of urea formaldehyde (UF) bonded particleboard adding Boric acid to the resin. Four levels (1, 2, 3 and 4) of boric acid based on the dry weight of the bonder were added to the UF resin. Then these mixtures were used to produce particleboard. Physical and mechanical properties were examined according to the ASTM, D1013-04. The results showed that the using of this additive increased the water absorption and thickness swelling resistance after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water. Also using this additive increased the internal bonding of the boards after 24 hours after immersion in water, compared to the control sample but in the case of dry samples, the internal bonding decreased compared to the control sample. However it was not lower than standard value. As the Boric acid levels increased to 2 percent, bending strength of the samples was increased compare to the control sample and after this level it was decreased. Also with increasing the levels to 4 percent, modulus of elasticity of boards were increased compare to the control sample
Composite wood products
Amineh Behzadi Shahrebabak; Mehrab Madhoushi; Mohammad reza MastriFarahani
Abstract
In this study, the effect of nanoclay and coupling agent on decay resistance and physical properties (including water absorption and thickness swelling) of nanoclay- Polyethylene- MDF sanding- powder composite were investigated. For this aim, MDF sanding dust and polyethylene were used as lignocellulose ...
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In this study, the effect of nanoclay and coupling agent on decay resistance and physical properties (including water absorption and thickness swelling) of nanoclay- Polyethylene- MDF sanding- powder composite were investigated. For this aim, MDF sanding dust and polyethylene were used as lignocellulose and thermoplastic material respectively. Also, Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was used in different weight percentages; 3% and 6% as a compatibilizer and nanoclay .Cloisite®15A was used in different weight percentages 2%, 4% and 6%.At first, raw materials were producted to fabricate granules by using twin-screw extruder. Then 36 panels (12 treatments by 3 repetitions) were made by hot pressing with 1 g/cm3 nominal density at dimensions by 30 cm × 28 cm × 1 cm. Then, water absorption and thickness swelling and decay resistant (loss weight) were investigated. Specimens were exposed to Trametes versicolor for 3 months, according to ASTM-D1413 standard. The results shown, water absorption and thickness swelling reduce with increasing MAPE significantly. While, at the time when nanoclay was added 2% (phr), water absorption and thickness swelling reduced significantly and then increased. Also, decay resistance was improved with increasing coupling agent and nanoclay.
Ghoncheh Rassam; Masoud Azadifar; Abolfazl Karegarfard; Faezeh Fazeli
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made using corn stalk. Mixtures of corn stalks and industrial wood particles at the ratios of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, urea-melamine formaldehyde resin at two levels of 10 and 12% (based on the dry weight ...
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The purpose of this study was to examine the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made using corn stalk. Mixtures of corn stalks and industrial wood particles at the ratios of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, urea-melamine formaldehyde resin at two levels of 10 and 12% (based on the dry weight of the particles) and two press times of 5 and 6 minutes were used for the production of laboratory particleboard. Physical and mechanical properties including water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 hours soaking in water, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bonding were measured and the data were statistically analyzed. It was observed that the increase in corn stalk particles in the mixture resulted in reduction of water absorption, thickness swelling after 24- hours water soaking and the internal bonding. The modulus of rupture and elasticity of the boards were increased at higher ration of corn stalk particles. The higher dosage of resin and higher press time imposed significant effect on all properties boards and improving properties were reached. In general, comparing the produced boards properties with EN 312 requirements, the boards produced using 70% corn stalk particles, 12% urea-melamine formaldehyde and 6 minutes press time showed optimal properties.
Hanieh Ghasemi; Ahmad Jahan Latibari; Abolfazl Karegarfard; Amir Lashgari
Abstract
The impact of the addition of different amounts of canola straw to the composition of the hardwood particles for the production of particleboard was investigated. Four levels (0, 15, 30 and 45%) of Canola particles were added to hardwood particles and then particles were blended with 12% urea resin (based ...
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The impact of the addition of different amounts of canola straw to the composition of the hardwood particles for the production of particleboard was investigated. Four levels (0, 15, 30 and 45%) of Canola particles were added to hardwood particles and then particles were blended with 12% urea resin (based on the oven dry weight of the particles). Boards at three densities of 550, 600 and 650 kg/m3 were produced. The flexural and internal bonding strength and water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water of the boards were determined using appropriate EN standard test methods. Addition of different amounts of canola particle to the hardwood particles did not change either modulus of rupture or modulus of elasticity of the boards, but the internal bonding of the boards was reduced. As the dosage of the canola particles increased, both water absorption and thickness swelling were reduced. Increasing the density of the boards increased both strength and dimensional stability.
Hossein Rangavar; Behzad Bazyar; Hamed Akbari
Abstract
Abstract : In this study, the possibility of using Cicer arietinum straw residues for manufacturing three-layer particleboards was studied.The amounts of Cicer arietinum straw in mixture with industrial particles were ( % 25:75),(% 40:60),(% 55:45) respectively.Urea formaldehyde (100%) and Melamin urea ...
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Abstract : In this study, the possibility of using Cicer arietinum straw residues for manufacturing three-layer particleboards was studied.The amounts of Cicer arietinum straw in mixture with industrial particles were ( % 25:75),(% 40:60),(% 55:45) respectively.Urea formaldehyde (100%) and Melamin urea formaldehyde at different ratios of MF / UF were used as binders. The resin were applied at two levls of (% 8,10) in core and two levels of (% 10,12) in surface layers, based on oven dried weight of particles. Mechanical and physical properties of boards ( Modulus of rupture, Modulus of elasticity, Internal bonding and thickness swelling and water absorption after 2, 24 hours soaking in water) were measured and data were analyzed, statistically. The results indicated that increase of Cicer arietinum straw lead to increase of bending strength and Modulus of elasticity. Also the increase of resin content and use of Melamin urea formaldehyde resin caused to improve mechanical and physical properties. In General, the use of Cicer arietinumstraw in mixture with industrial particles up to 55% , and resin content of (10,12%) in core and surface layers, resulted in producing boards with appropriate mechanicals properties which are suitable for interior uses.
Kazem Dosthosseini; robab ghafari
Abstract
In this research, the effect of increasing content of urea to urea-formaldehyde adhesive on physical and mechanical properties of poplar wood particleboard was investigated. The content of urea added to the adhesive four levels (zero, 4.1, 8.2 and 16 % based on the solid content of adhesive) and ...
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In this research, the effect of increasing content of urea to urea-formaldehyde adhesive on physical and mechanical properties of poplar wood particleboard was investigated. The content of urea added to the adhesive four levels (zero, 4.1, 8.2 and 16 % based on the solid content of adhesive) and two press temperatures of 170 and 180° C as the variable factors were selected. Boards with density of 0.63 gr/cm3 and 10% of the adhesive dosage were made. Mechanical properties including modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB) and physical properties including water absorption and thickness swelling were measured. Results showed that urea addition to urea formaldehyde adhesive improved the mechanical strengths of the board especially internal bonding reduced the water absorption and thickness swelling. Also, the impact of press temperature on mechanical and physical properties of boards was noticeable and boards produced applying press temperature of 170° C were superior.
Ali akbar Enayati; Hossein Nazerani hoshmand; Kazem Dost hosseini; Ahmad Jahan latibari; Sohrab Rahimi
Abstract
In order to study the optimum manufacturing conditions of wood sawdust-cement perforated blocks, sawdust of headrige saw was mixed with portland cement type II, and then perforated blocks were molded from this mixture. The mixture ratios of sawdust to cement were selected as 28:72, 35:65 and 42:58, ...
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In order to study the optimum manufacturing conditions of wood sawdust-cement perforated blocks, sawdust of headrige saw was mixed with portland cement type II, and then perforated blocks were molded from this mixture. The mixture ratios of sawdust to cement were selected as 28:72, 35:65 and 42:58, respectively. CaCl2 (Calcium chloride) or MgCl2 (Magnesium chloride) at two levels (3%,5% based on the weight of the cement) were used as additives. The results of physical (thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours soaking in water) and mechanical (compressive strength) properties of the blocks revealed that varying the sawdust to cement ratio imparted differences in physical and mechanical properties of the blocks. The blocks with sawdust to cement ratio of 42:58 showed the highest compressive strength and blocks with sawdust to cement ratio of 28:72 showed the lowest thickness swelling. It was observed that the type of additive did not impose any significant effect on physical and mechanical properties of blocks. Whereas the effect of MgCl2 level on the properties was significant
Amir Eshraghi; Habib alah Khademeslami; Amir Nourbakhsh; Behzad Bazyar; Mohammad Talaeipoor
Abstract
In this study, aspen chips with OCC (Old Corrugated Container) were used in particleboard production and samples were prepared at two different levels of resin contents (%9 and %10) and three levels of combination:
1- %25 OCC +%75 aspen, 2- %50 OCC + %50 aspen, ...
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In this study, aspen chips with OCC (Old Corrugated Container) were used in particleboard production and samples were prepared at two different levels of resin contents (%9 and %10) and three levels of combination:
1- %25 OCC +%75 aspen, 2- %50 OCC + %50 aspen, 3- %75 OCC +%25 aspen. Indeed in this study these two mentioned factors are variable and other factors such as press temperature: 165 ºC, press time: 5 minute, mat moisture %12, board density 0.75 g/cm3 and press pressure 30 kg/cm2 were constant. After the boards were manufactured according to DIN-68763 standard, were undergone different tests such as: bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding strength and thickness swelling after 2 & 24 hours immersion in water. The results indicate that second ratio(%50 OCC and %50 aspen chips) is proper for bending applications and the first ratio(%25 OCC and %75 aspen chips) is proper for tensile and thickness swelling applications. Therefore, applying the OCC more than %50 in manufacturing combination; result in decreasing the physical and mechanical properties. Moreover the results show that when the resin content increases, the board features improve.
Physics and anatomy
Alireza Ghotibi far; Saeid Kazemi najafi; Rabi Behroz
Abstract
This research focused on the influence of content (5, 10 and 15 %) of glass fiber on the water absorption and thickness swelling of wood flour/E-glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites without and with MAPP. The samples (strips with 10 mm thickness and 70 mm width) were made using a laboratory twin-screw ...
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This research focused on the influence of content (5, 10 and 15 %) of glass fiber on the water absorption and thickness swelling of wood flour/E-glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites without and with MAPP. The samples (strips with 10 mm thickness and 70 mm width) were made using a laboratory twin-screw extruder. The water absorption and thickness swelling of the composites after 2h and 24h were determined. The results showed that adding glass fiber significantly increase water absorption and thickness swelling after 2h and 24h in absence of MAPP. Whereas in presence of 2% MAPP by addition glass fiber, no significant changes were observed in water absorption and thickness swelling of the composites after 2h and 24h. MAPP considerably decreased the water absorption and thickness swelling of the studied composites
Aliakbar Ramtin; Behnaz Dadkhahi tehrani; Kazemi Dossthoseini
Abstract
In this study, effects of press temperature and press time on the physical and mechanical properties on the OSB has made from Aspen were investigated. Two levels of press temperature 175ºC and 185ºC and two levels of press time 5 min and 6 min were applied as variables for manufacturing boards. ...
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In this study, effects of press temperature and press time on the physical and mechanical properties on the OSB has made from Aspen were investigated. Two levels of press temperature 175ºC and 185ºC and two levels of press time 5 min and 6 min were applied as variables for manufacturing boards. Mechanical and physical properties such as bending strength, internal bond, water absorption and thickness swelling were measured. results showed that, increase in press temperature and press time causes significant increase on bending strength, internal bond, water absorption and thickness swelling. The best boards were made of press temperature of 185ºC and press time 5 minutes.
Composite wood products
Saeid Kazemi najafi; Ali Shalbafan; Majid Charmahali
Abstract
Density profile of three types of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels used in Iran market was studied through direct method and gradually removing of layer. Modulus of elasticity, bending strength, internal bond, water absorption and thickness swelling were also determined. The results show that the ...
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Density profile of three types of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels used in Iran market was studied through direct method and gradually removing of layer. Modulus of elasticity, bending strength, internal bond, water absorption and thickness swelling were also determined. The results show that the shape of density profiles in all types of panels is nearly symmetric and normal, but the profil density in one was deeper, so it showed higher modulus elasticity and bending strength. No significant difference in internal bond was observed between different types of panels.
Composite wood products
Aliakbar Ramtin; Kazem Doosthosseini; Behnaz Dadkhah tehrani; Mohammad ali Podinehpoor; Majid Chaharmahali
Abstract
The objective of this research was to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of Aspen OSB made with different percentage of resin as well as in different orientation of strand. Mechanical and physical properties such as bending strength. interlaminated shear strength, water absorption and ...
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The objective of this research was to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of Aspen OSB made with different percentage of resin as well as in different orientation of strand. Mechanical and physical properties such as bending strength. interlaminated shear strength, water absorption and thickness swell were measured on the resulting orientation strand board. Among sample boards with high percentage of resin amount showed superior mechanical and physical performance. Results also showed, when strand were oriented in boards) physical and mechanical properties were improved.
Composite wood products
asghar tarmian; Kazem Doosthosseini; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie; Mohammadmehdi Faezi poor
Abstract
Beneficial utilization of large quantity of paper sludge from Mazandaran Wood & Paper Industry in particleboard manufacturing has been studied. Single-layer and three-layer particleboard (paper sludge as a surface layer) were produced. Urea-formaldehyde resin at two levels of 10 and 12 percent and ...
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Beneficial utilization of large quantity of paper sludge from Mazandaran Wood & Paper Industry in particleboard manufacturing has been studied. Single-layer and three-layer particleboard (paper sludge as a surface layer) were produced. Urea-formaldehyde resin at two levels of 10 and 12 percent and paper sludge content at 4 levels, 0, 15, 30 and 45 percent were studied. Other factors such as press temperature (160oC), press time (6minutes), mat moisture (12%), board density (0.75g/cm3) and etc were constant factors. Mechanical and physical properties including bending strength, shear strength, thickness swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours immersion were evaluated. The results indicated that application of paper sludge reduced mechanical properties and improved thickness swelling .The particleboard produced with 15%paper sludge had the least water absorption, but by using more paper sludge, water absorption increased. Single-layer particleboard had higher bending strength. However, there was no significant different in shear strength between single and three layer particleboard. Three-layer particleboard showed lower thickness swelling.
