Research Paper
Seaid Masoumeh Hafezi; Ali akbar ٍEnayati; Kazem Doosthosseiny; Asghar Taremian; Ahmad Mirshokraee
Abstract
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of silane coupling agent usage to improve the bond formation of urea formaldehyde resin in wheat straw particleboard production. Three levels (0.5% and 10%; based on the dry weight of the resin) of silane coupling agent and 10% urea formaldehyde resin ...
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This research was conducted to investigate the effect of silane coupling agent usage to improve the bond formation of urea formaldehyde resin in wheat straw particleboard production. Three levels (0.5% and 10%; based on the dry weight of the resin) of silane coupling agent and 10% urea formaldehyde resin were used to produce one layer particle boards with 16mm nominal thickness. Physical and mechanical properties including MOR, MOE, IB and thickness swelling (after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water) were measured. The results of this study showed that adding silane coupling agent to the resin in wheat straw particleboard production, increased MOR, MOE and IB and dimensions stability improved. Optimum dosage for silane coupling agent to improve modulus of elasticity, internal bonding and thickness swelling was 10% and the for modulus of rupture, it was determined as 5%.
Research Paper
Mohammad Alishahi; Omid Ramezani; Hossein Kermanian; Mehdi Rahmani nia; Seid Atefeh Nasiri; Sahar Jalalvand
Abstract
In this research, the influence of paper drying condition, as one of the most important variable in paper recycling, on the characteristics of fibers was studied. In this respect, bagasse soda pulp was collected from Pars Paper mill in Khozestan province and handsheets were made. The control hand sheet ...
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In this research, the influence of paper drying condition, as one of the most important variable in paper recycling, on the characteristics of fibers was studied. In this respect, bagasse soda pulp was collected from Pars Paper mill in Khozestan province and handsheets were made. The control hand sheet samples were dried at room temperature and the rest of the handsheets were dried using drum dryer set at 60° C for 3 hours, 100° C for 50 minutes and 120° C for 25 minutes to reach the same moisture content as the sheets dried at room temperature. Then, these handsheets were slushed in water and the pulp properties were determined. The results showed that with increasing the drying temperature, cellulose content did not change while hemicelluloses were reduced. Although the assessment of changing the lignin content with micro kappa method showed an increasing trend, but based on previous literature, it was concluded that the result are not justified. Also, the results indicated that changing the degree of polymerization and crystallinity did not show a consistent trend, showing initial reduction following by increased values. These results were attributed to interaction effect of drying temperature and time.
Research Paper
Physics and anatomy
Majid Kiaei
Abstract
This study examined the effects of altitude and soil characteristics on wood properties of Eldar pine and soil characteristics in western of Mazandran forest. For this purpose, nine normal pine trees was selected from three classes of altitude 500, 1200, and 1400 m, which located in Chaloos region. Disks ...
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This study examined the effects of altitude and soil characteristics on wood properties of Eldar pine and soil characteristics in western of Mazandran forest. For this purpose, nine normal pine trees was selected from three classes of altitude 500, 1200, and 1400 m, which located in Chaloos region. Disks were cut at breast height for each of trees. Testing samples were taken in radial position from the pith to the bark to determine wood properties such as oven dry density, wood basic density, and annual ring width. For each of tress in three different altitudes, four soil profiles of 20-40cm depth was taken to examine soil physical and chemical properties include clay, silt, sand, pH, Mn, fe, cu, zn, P, and K. Then relationship between the soil and wood properties were investigated with Pearson correlation and multiple correlations. Results of soil and wood properties indicated that by increasing altitude, the amount of annual ring width was increased, and the wood density was decreased, while the clay, Mn, fe, and Cu content in altitude 1200m, silt, Zn and K in lower altitude and P and sand in higher altitude is higher than other altitudes. Among of above variables, only the effect of clay, sand, P and Fe of soils on the wood different properties by Pearson correlation. The relationship between soil and wood properties by forward stepwise regression indicated that
Research Paper
Management and Economics wood
Lila Asadi khoramabadi; Abolghasem Khazaeian; Mohammad reza Masteri Farahani; Alireza Shakeri
Abstract
Heat treatment is one of the processes used to modify the properties of wood. The investigation of thermal treatment of wood has led to the improvement of heat treatment with vegetable oils. Heat treatment improves the dimensional stability and biological durability, but reduces the mechanical properties ...
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Heat treatment is one of the processes used to modify the properties of wood. The investigation of thermal treatment of wood has led to the improvement of heat treatment with vegetable oils. Heat treatment improves the dimensional stability and biological durability, but reduces the mechanical properties of wood. In this research, to improve the mechanical properties with other properties of wood, soybean oil modified with maleic anhydride was used for thermal treatment. Wood speciments were subjected to heat treatment soybean oil modified with maleic anhydride at two temperature (180 and 200° C ) and three time (2, 4 and 6 hours). Untreated beech was used as comparison for each treatment conditions. In this study, the effects of heat treatment on physical properties )water absorption and volumetric changes) and mechanical properties such as Bending strength) ISO 3133-1975(, Compression strength Parallel to grain) ISO 3787-1976 (and Impact bending) DIN 52189( were examined. The test results of heat-treated with modified soybean oil and control samples showed that physical and mechanical properties increases with heat treatment.
Research Paper
Physics and Mechanical Wood
parisa azari; mohammad talaeipour; noorodin nazarnezhad; behzad bazyar
Abstract
In this study the effect of surface oxidation of wood particles in order to reducing amount of adhesive for making single layer particleboard was investigated. Oxidation of wood particles cause to form carboxylic groups and free phenolic radicals that lead to activate the surface of wood particles for ...
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In this study the effect of surface oxidation of wood particles in order to reducing amount of adhesive for making single layer particleboard was investigated. Oxidation of wood particles cause to form carboxylic groups and free phenolic radicals that lead to activate the surface of wood particles for adhesion. This search was conducted on Populus nigra wood particles that they were oxidized by nitric acid (40%) including 0, 2, 4 and 6 percent (based on OD weight of wood). These wood particles were adhered by phenol formaldehyde resin in three amounts of 3, 5 and 7 percent (based on OD weight of wood) then wood particle cakes pressed in 180 degree of centigrade, 5 min and 30 kg/cm2. The results indicate that maximum MOR, MOE and minimum water absorption and swelling thickness was observed in boards with 7% adhesive and 4% acid. Using 5% adhesive and 4% acid had the best performance on shearing strength.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Hamid Aibaghi esfahani; Mehdi Kalagar; Elham Marzban moridani
Abstract
In this study, mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (as matrix) and olive mill sludge (as filler / reinforcement) composites were investigated. There levels of paper sludge (15, 30, 40 and 50 wt %) were used to produce composites. The effect of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) ...
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In this study, mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (as matrix) and olive mill sludge (as filler / reinforcement) composites were investigated. There levels of paper sludge (15, 30, 40 and 50 wt %) were used to produce composites. The effect of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) as coupling agent on the mechanical properties composite was investigated and then, these composites (with coupling agent) were compared with composites without coupling agent. For blending materials from extruder and produce of mechanical standard sample from injection molding were used. Mechanical properties containing tensile properties (modulus of elasticity and tensile strength) and impact strength were studied. The result of obtaining from modulus of elasticity showed that with adding olive mill sludge to the polyethylene cause to signification increasing in modulus of elasticity were compared to pure polyethylene. Tensile strength composite increasing with adding olive mill sludge compared to pure polyethylene but maximum measure of tensile strength related to composites contain 30% olive mill sludge and coupling agent. Also adding 15% olive mill sludge to polyethylene cause to improved impact strength in compared pure polyethylene, but with adding more olive mill sludge (30, 40 and 50%), impact strength in composites were decreased. The used of coupling agent in the total manufactured composite cause to improved in impact strength of composites. The addition of a coupling agent (MAPE) to the composition resulted in an increase in mechanical properties of the composites that indicating enhanced matrix–olive mill sludge interfacial adhesion.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Zahra Jahani lomer; Saeed Reza farrokhpayam; Mohammad Shamsian
Abstract
AbstracIn the past decade, artificial neural networks have been used as a powerful tool for modeling and prediction in many scientific fields. In this study, the feed-forward multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was utilized and trained by back propagation (BP) algorithm with Levenberg-Marquardt numerical optimization ...
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AbstracIn the past decade, artificial neural networks have been used as a powerful tool for modeling and prediction in many scientific fields. In this study, the feed-forward multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was utilized and trained by back propagation (BP) algorithm with Levenberg-Marquardt numerical optimization technique via Matlab software. Temperature of press (°C), mat moisture content (%) and press closing time (sec) were used as inputs, Water absorption (WA2, 24h), thickness swelling (TS2, 24h) and density were the outputs of neural network model. This technique will increase network versatility and decreases the effect of undesirable and weak data. The modeling and prediction was done based experimental data and the forecasting results were compared with real data. The efficiency of these techniques evaluated with statistical criteria of mean square error (MSE), root mean square error, (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R2). The results showed this ANN model could accurately describe the water absorption, thickness swelling after immersion for 2 and 24 hours, and density of particleboard
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Nazbakht Hezbi; Elyas Afra; Hossein Resalty
Abstract
In this research, the effect of different steps of enzymatic treatment including enzymatic pre-refining and post-refining by Endoglucanase was investigated on the quality of OCC pulp. Three pulps including a: control sample (without enzyme addition), b: enzymatic pre-refining (enzyme treatment + refining) ...
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In this research, the effect of different steps of enzymatic treatment including enzymatic pre-refining and post-refining by Endoglucanase was investigated on the quality of OCC pulp. Three pulps including a: control sample (without enzyme addition), b: enzymatic pre-refining (enzyme treatment + refining) and c: pre and post enzymatic refining (enzyme + refining + enzyme) were made from OCC pulps. Enzymatic treatment was done at optimum conditions before determined (concentration of 1u and time duration of 0.5 hour) under constant process conditions and refining accomplished at given revolution of 2000. Obtained results from this research indicated that applying enzymatic pre-treatment had efficient in improving the physical and mechanical of paper and showed the highest strength than to the other treatments. Using Endoglucanase at two stages (before and after refining) caused to improve pulp drainability and decrease the paper strength properties. In general, the maximum tear index was observed in enzymatic pre-refining step.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Ghonche Rassam; Hamid Reza Taghiyari; Bratali Keshtegar
Abstract
Wood-composites are susceptible to fire due to their nature. Some research projects were therefore carried out to investigate potentiality of bentonite nanoparticles in improving fire-retarding properties in medium-density fiberboards (MDF); the present complimentary study aimed at determining the effects ...
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Wood-composites are susceptible to fire due to their nature. Some research projects were therefore carried out to investigate potentiality of bentonite nanoparticles in improving fire-retarding properties in medium-density fiberboards (MDF); the present complimentary study aimed at determining the effects of nanobentonite on physical and mechanical properties of MDF. Ten percent of urea-formaldehyde resin was used as adhesive in the matrix. Nano bentonite was added at 5 levels (%0 ,% 5 ,% 10 , %15 and %20) g/kg based on the dry weight of fibers. Bentonite nanoparticles were sprayed on the fibers after being mixed with the resin solution. Mats were hot-pressed for 4, 5, and 6 minutes at temperature of 170°C. Density was kept constant (75 g.cm-3) for all treatment. Results revealed that nano Bentonite did not improve the physical properties of water absorption, thickness swelling and mechanical properties of internal bonding (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR). As to the other treatments, nano Bentonite consumption level of % 5 showed the lowest negative effect on the physical properties (water absorption, thickness swelling ) and treatment of 5% and %10 also less negative effect on the Mechanical properties (Modulus of rupture, Internal Bonding ). Treatment 20% is not recommended because it weakens the properties; moreover, the surface of fiberboards is not suitable. It was concluded that due to the fire-retarding improving effects, %5 of nano Bentonite is recommended as the optimum level for the industry.
Research Paper
Amir Zamani; Ahmad Jahan Latibari; Aghang Tajdini; Abolfazl Kargarfard
Abstract
In this investigation, the surface chemical properties of the beech wood layers were characterized and the impact of drying condition on the strength of the bond was examined. Defect free beech logs were harvested and then the layers were prepared. The moisture content of the specimens were adjusted ...
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In this investigation, the surface chemical properties of the beech wood layers were characterized and the impact of drying condition on the strength of the bond was examined. Defect free beech logs were harvested and then the layers were prepared. The moisture content of the specimens were adjusted at 30, 40 and 50% (dry basis) and then the specimens were air dried under the environment of 30% relative humidity and 21ºC to reach the equilibrium moisture content of about 10% (dry basis). The pH and buffering capacity of the surface layer and the layer 0.5 mm underneath the surface were measured. The dried specimens were bonded using urea-formaldehyde resin and the tensile strength and wood failure were measured using relevant ASTM method. The results showed that as the moisture content prior to air drying was increased, the tensile strength was reduced, but the effect of this variable on tensile strength was not statistically significant. However, the effect of moisture content on wood failure was statistically significant at 99% significance level. The effect of the pH of the under layer on both tensile strength and wood failure was statistically significant at 95%. As the moisture content of the wood increased, the pH of the surface layer increased and the strength of the bond with urea-formaldehyde resin was deteriorated. At higher initial moisture of the wood, the alkaline buffering capacity of the surface layer was lower and its effect of the strength was not statistically significant, but it was significant on wood failure at 99% level. The alkaline buffering capacity of under layer was also changed and statistically affected the bond strength and wood failure at 95% level. The higher alkaline buffering capacity of the under layer adversely affected the tensile strength of the bond. The lowest acid buffering capacity was measured from specimens with 40% initial moisture content and as the acid buffering capacity was increased, the tensile strength was reduced and the wood failure was higher. The impact of surface layer acid buffering capacity on tensile strength was on statistically significant, but on wood failure was statistically significant at 99% level.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Amineh Behzadi Shahrebabak; Mehrab Madhoushi; Mohammad reza MastriFarahani
Abstract
In this study, the effect of nanoclay and coupling agent on decay resistance and physical properties (including water absorption and thickness swelling) of nanoclay- Polyethylene- MDF sanding- powder composite were investigated. For this aim, MDF sanding dust and polyethylene were used as lignocellulose ...
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In this study, the effect of nanoclay and coupling agent on decay resistance and physical properties (including water absorption and thickness swelling) of nanoclay- Polyethylene- MDF sanding- powder composite were investigated. For this aim, MDF sanding dust and polyethylene were used as lignocellulose and thermoplastic material respectively. Also, Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was used in different weight percentages; 3% and 6% as a compatibilizer and nanoclay .Cloisite®15A was used in different weight percentages 2%, 4% and 6%.At first, raw materials were producted to fabricate granules by using twin-screw extruder. Then 36 panels (12 treatments by 3 repetitions) were made by hot pressing with 1 g/cm3 nominal density at dimensions by 30 cm × 28 cm × 1 cm. Then, water absorption and thickness swelling and decay resistant (loss weight) were investigated. Specimens were exposed to Trametes versicolor for 3 months, according to ASTM-D1413 standard. The results shown, water absorption and thickness swelling reduce with increasing MAPE significantly. While, at the time when nanoclay was added 2% (phr), water absorption and thickness swelling reduced significantly and then increased. Also, decay resistance was improved with increasing coupling agent and nanoclay.
Research Paper
Hassan Alizadeh; Mohamad mehdi Faezi pour; Majid Azizi; Mohssen Zyaei
Abstract
Furniture industry have a significant share in global trade, Therefore, development of this industry to exhibit meaningful presence in international markets can influence growth of GDP and non-oil incomes for our country. The aim of this study was to survey the situation of household furniture foreign ...
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Furniture industry have a significant share in global trade, Therefore, development of this industry to exhibit meaningful presence in international markets can influence growth of GDP and non-oil incomes for our country. The aim of this study was to survey the situation of household furniture foreign trade and also determine and prioritize the effective indexes on export development of this furniture section. For this purpose, first household furniture imports and exports was determined according to released values of statistics published by the Iran Customs, and to determine the Indexes, library studies and interviews with some of the owners of industrial furniture and related experts were used. Influencing indexes were divided into 6 main groups and 48 sub-indicators. The importance degree of indexes was determined after collecting expert opinions by AHP. Results showed that material and product indexes, marketing and economy have the highest weight value in the main level. Also, between the sub-indices, stable supply of raw materials, strategic marketing development and supply of low-cost and low-interest funds, respectively were the most important.
Research Paper
Management and Economics wood
mohammad ghofrani; vajihe farshchi; majid azizi
Abstract
Nowadays, producers are successful in Of getting profit in more efforts to satisfy our customers in target markets And build customer loyalty to your brand. The aim of this study was to study and identify factors influencing loyalty Customer to the brand in the furniture industry using Group Decision ...
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Nowadays, producers are successful in Of getting profit in more efforts to satisfy our customers in target markets And build customer loyalty to your brand. The aim of this study was to study and identify factors influencing loyalty Customer to the brand in the furniture industry using Group Decision Making method., For the purpose of study and research Been done by others, the factors affecting customer loyalty divided in to 4 main categories and 20 sub-indicators. After getting customer buyer furniture opinions via questionnaire, the priority rates of obtained criteria and sub-criteria were determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).The results show that customers Satisfaction and marketing criteria have the highest weighting values at the first level. In addition, among 20 effective sub-criteria, Influence on customer loyalty in the furniture dustry, service quality ,reasonable price ,installment sales, warranty and perceived quality have highest priorities as 0.323, 0.151,0.129, 0.074 and 0.053 weighting values, respectively.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Lila Karami motaghi; Hossein Hosseinkhani; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
In this study pulp and hand sheets paper characteristics of Salix nigra wood kraft and soda pulp and paper were investigated. Average density of dry and bulk density wood were determined 0.35 and 150 kg/m3 and average fiber dimension consist of fiber length, fiber diameter were measured, 1100 and 30 ...
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In this study pulp and hand sheets paper characteristics of Salix nigra wood kraft and soda pulp and paper were investigated. Average density of dry and bulk density wood were determined 0.35 and 150 kg/m3 and average fiber dimension consist of fiber length, fiber diameter were measured, 1100 and 30 µm, respectively. The chemical composition were determined as cellulose 42%, lignin 28% and extractive 4%. In order to coocking and pulping, Kraft (Sulfate) and soda process were used. For comparison of fiber dimensions, physical properties and chemical composition of the mean and standard deviation, yields of pulp in the form of a factorial randomized complete block design test, the strength properties of handsheets table ANOVA and for group means of the Duncan were used. All paper strengths of two hour cooking show better results than one hour cooking times, and all paper strengths of 22% alkaline show better result than 18%, also all paper strengths of 100% mixture show better result than 25% mixture (100% mixture only contain kraft pulpof salix nigra). The results of hand sheet strength indicated that Kraft pulp of salix nigra wood will provide a suitable to mix with short fiber hard wood pulp.
Research Paper
Physics and anatomy
Elahe Mehri; Ali Ghasemian
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate biometrical properties of bark, node and internode chemical components of Bamboo phyllostachys pubescens. The results showed, there were significant difference between fiber length of bark, node and internode; and internode had maximum fiber length and node had ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate biometrical properties of bark, node and internode chemical components of Bamboo phyllostachys pubescens. The results showed, there were significant difference between fiber length of bark, node and internode; and internode had maximum fiber length and node had minimum fiber length. There were also significant difference between lumen diameter and cell wall thickness; and node had the highest value. In terms of chemical compositions; amount of extractives, lignin and ash of node were more than internode, but there weren’t significant differences at the 95% confidence, while the amount of cellulose of internode was significantly more than node. Slenderness ratio, flexibility ratio and Raunkel ratio were also calculated for bark 93.06, 36.641, 172.916% and for node 46.308, 33.108, 202.035% and for internode 88.151, 31.678, 215.666% respectively. Generally the observations indicated that, according to the characteristics of the fiber of this nonwood plant, it can be recommended to produce pulp and paper.
