Research Paper
Physics and anatomy
Ahmad Jahan - Latibari; Fardad Golbabaei; Amir Zyadzadeh; Majid Farzi; Arad Vaziryan
Abstract
Fiber length, diameter and lumen diameter and its distribution is determined. Five stalks were randomly selected and after cleaning, the internodes and nodes of each stalk were separated. Each part was depithed manually and then experimental samples were cut from these depithed parts. ...
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Fiber length, diameter and lumen diameter and its distribution is determined. Five stalks were randomly selected and after cleaning, the internodes and nodes of each stalk were separated. Each part was depithed manually and then experimental samples were cut from these depithed parts. Each sample was defibered according to procedure developed by Franklin, 1954. After defibration, fiber length, diameter and lumen diameter of 30 fibers were measured. Each stalk contained 10 nodes and internodes.
Average fiber length of internodes and nodes were determined at 1.004 and 0.802 millimeter respectively. The difference in averages of fiber length for different stalks, different heights in each stalk and between nodes and internodes were significant at 99% level. Fiber length distribution curves for internodes, nodes and all fibers show uniform and symmetrical distribution and the highest points in distribution curves are all at similar fiber length.
Average fiber diameter for internodes and nodes were determined at 16.8 and 20.1 µm respectively which are significantly different at 99% level. Fiber diameter distribution curves for nodes, internodes and all fibers also shows uniform and symmetrical shape, but the highest point for internodes is located at lower fiber diameter than nodes. The average lumen diameter for internodes and nodes were measured at 9.42 and 12.7 respectively which is significantly different at 99% level. The distribution curves for lumen diameter is identical to fiber diameter.
The results indicate that the fiber geometry of cornstalks is similar to hardwoods and other agricultural residues and it can be utilized for production of lower grade pulps such as fluting paper pulp.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Amir Nourbakhsh; Abolfazl Kargarfard; Fardad Golbabaei
Abstract
In this investigation feasibility of Paulownia tomentosa wood in particleboards production were prepared at four different Combination of 100%,75%,50%,and 25%(base of paulownia) , three different press time of 4,5,and 6 minutes.
Based on the EN standards physical and mechanical properties ...
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In this investigation feasibility of Paulownia tomentosa wood in particleboards production were prepared at four different Combination of 100%,75%,50%,and 25%(base of paulownia) , three different press time of 4,5,and 6 minutes.
Based on the EN standards physical and mechanical properties including MOR, MOE, IB, and thickness swelling (after 2 and 24 immersion in water) were tested.
Based on the factorial experimental design at completely random tests were analyses. The results showed that utilization of paulownia wood in particleboard production in 5 minutes and up to 50% paulownia wood particles were optimized.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Abolfazl Kargarfard; Amir Nourbakhsh; Reza Hajihassani
Abstract
In this investigation, the influence of press temperature and press time on MDF properties made from Eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus intertexta sp.) have been studied. Variable factors were steaming time (in two levels: 5 and 10 minutes), press temprature (in two levels: 180 and 190 °C ) and press time ...
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In this investigation, the influence of press temperature and press time on MDF properties made from Eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus intertexta sp.) have been studied. Variable factors were steaming time (in two levels: 5 and 10 minutes), press temprature (in two levels: 180 and 190 °C ) and press time (in three levels: 3, 3.5 and 4 minutes).
The results of this study indicated that the effect of steaming time on MOR had been significant, the highest MOR were obtained 14.62 Mpa in MDF boards that produced in 5 minutes steaming time. Also the MOR of boards were increased with ascending of press temperature. The results also showed that the effect of press temperature on MOE had been significant and MOE of boards were increased with ascending of press temperature.
The results revealed that increasing of steaming time and press time had been negative effect on IB. on the other hand press time had a significant effect on thickness swelling as the minimom of thickness swelling had obtained in 3 minutes press time.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
saeed mahdavi; masoudreza habibi; Abbas Fakhryan roghani; Kamyar Salehi
Abstract
Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic ...
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Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) planting is increasing as the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jehad policy to provide supply of oil food in Iran. The objective of this study is utilization of rapeseed straw as a considerable raw material for paper industry whereas there is shortage of lignocellulosic material in Iran. Sampling was carried out from two varieties of oil seed rape, Hiola 401 and PF, based on initial compatibility experiments and yield in Mazandaran province from Baye-colla research station. The results show that at least 4 ton/hect. oven dry rapeseed straws are available. There were significant differences between fiber width, lumen diameter, ash and extractive contents in two varieties. Rapeseed straw as a lignocellulosic material was achieved at 10 score according to the five characteristics consisting of phytology, fiber dimension, fiber yield, chemical components and appearance feature. This means more studies are necessary to make a final assessment.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Alireza Khakifiroz; Seeyed Ahmad Mirshokraie; Amir homman Hamasi; Hababalah Khadmieslam; Mohammad Talaei poor
Abstract
Permanent or durable paper is a kind of paper that has a high degree of permanence and is likely to retain the properties which influence readability and document handling when storing in a protected environment for a long period. Permanence depends mainly on the chemical stability of the paper itself. ...
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Permanent or durable paper is a kind of paper that has a high degree of permanence and is likely to retain the properties which influence readability and document handling when storing in a protected environment for a long period. Permanence depends mainly on the chemical stability of the paper itself. Stability may be impaired by chemical reactions involving the paper's own components and by reactive agents from the environment and human being i.e., from air or filing enclosures. Poor chemical stability produces a chain reaction which in long term storage has a pronounced adverse effect on the mechanical or optical properties of the document. The main reactions causing mechanical deterioration are acid hydrolysis and oxidation. Yellowing is due to photochemical and thermal processes. Whatever the fibers used to make paper are longer , alkaline paper making is used , cationic elements such as Fe+2, Fe+3, Cu+2, Mn+2 and kappa number of pulp are minor, it is expected that the paper made is more permanent .In this research imported bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp was used. The used pulp was refined according to tappi test method T248 cm-85 with PFI mill to reach freeness (300±25) CSF at number of beating revolutions 12000 .Hand sheets were made according to SCAN C25-65 standard with grammage 70.AKD sizing were used 2% oven dry weight of pulp and EDTA as chelating agent was used in concentrations 0 , 0.25 , 0.5 , 0.75 percent. For more assurance deionized water was used. furthermore, 20% calcium carbonate was used as residual alkaline and filler. Then hand sheets were laid under U.V radiation with wavelengths between 330 to 440 nm in 0,10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 hours interval and were conditioned in controlled temperature and relative humidity . pH of Extractive solutions were adjusted between 7 to 7.5 . At last, each strength indices were measured with three measurement frequencies and to compare the amount of mean strengths of produced handsheets, variation analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test were used with SPSS software and the charts were drawn with Excel software.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Ali akbar Ramtin; Alinaghi Karimi; Mehdi Tajvidi
Abstract
In this research, effect of filler and coupling agent on mechanical properties of composites has made from sander dust of particleboard-polypropylene were investigated. The possibility of using high percentage of filler with polypropylene was studied. Three weight percentages of filler namely 40, 55 ...
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In this research, effect of filler and coupling agent on mechanical properties of composites has made from sander dust of particleboard-polypropylene were investigated. The possibility of using high percentage of filler with polypropylene was studied. Three weight percentages of filler namely 40, 55 and 70 percents were chosen. MAPP as coupling agent for increasing quality of adhesion between filler and matrix was used namely 2 percents. Tensile strength, bending strength and toughness were measured. The results showed that with increasing filler, modulus of bending was improved. But tensile stress, tensile modulus, tensile strain, bending stress and toughness was decreased. Also, increasing coupling agent resulted in improving tensile stress, tensile strain, bending stress, modulus of bending and toughness and decreasing tensile modulus.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Said mohammad Mazhari mosavi; Saeed Mahdavi; Syed zyaldin Hosseini; Hossein Resalti; Hossein Usefi
Abstract
This research is aimed to study the possibility of rapeseed straw (Hayolla401) pulping and its paper characteristics, using Soda-AQ process. The average fiber length was found 1.04 millimeter and the average fiber diameter, lumen and thickness were found 28.00, 19.09, and 4.91 micrometer, respectively. ...
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This research is aimed to study the possibility of rapeseed straw (Hayolla401) pulping and its paper characteristics, using Soda-AQ process. The average fiber length was found 1.04 millimeter and the average fiber diameter, lumen and thickness were found 28.00, 19.09, and 4.91 micrometer, respectively. Cellulose, lignin, extractive material (acetone solved) and ash were measured 41.66, 16.00, 1.63, and3.46 percent, respectively. Cooking condition was determined as follow: Soda as 16, 18, and 20 percent on the basis of rapeseed dry straw, temperature was set at 175 and 185 Cº, cooking time was set at 40 and 70 minutes, and straw to liquid ratio was set at 1/8. The amount of anthraquinone added to cooking liquor was 0.2%, based on rapeseed dry straw. Using severe cooking factors caused reduction of yield and Kappa number in both methods. Refining was performed on selected pulps in order to reach 35025 (ml,CSF) freeness. The 60 gr/m² hand sheets were made in order to determine mechanical strength and physical properties. Average thickness, density and bulk is measured at 86.4µ, 0.69gr/cm³ and 1.44cm³/gr respectively. Average tear index, burst index, breaking length and tensile indexare measured at 4.6 mN.m²/gr, 3.5 kpa.m²/gr, 7.4km and 72.6Nm/g respectively.
The results showed that however screen yield of rapeseed straw pulp is low but kappa number and mechanical properties of pulp is suitable,compared with the other agriculture residues, so Rapeseed pulp can be used in paper making industries.
Research Paper
Management and Economics wood
Hamideh Abdolzadeh; Kazem Doost hosseini
Abstract
The capability of acetylated poplar particles with isocyanate resinin manufacturing particleboard was investigated. The acetylation degrees at high, medium, and zero (control) levels and type of resin (isocyanate and urea formaldehyde) were considered as variables. Then the effects of these variables ...
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The capability of acetylated poplar particles with isocyanate resinin manufacturing particleboard was investigated. The acetylation degrees at high, medium, and zero (control) levels and type of resin (isocyanate and urea formaldehyde) were considered as variables. Then the effects of these variables on practical properties of manufactured boards were investigated. The results indicated that use of isocyanate resin in board with acetylated particles not only caused to improve dimensional stability of manufactured boards but also caused to increase its mechanical Strength in comparison with blank with urea formaldehyde resin. Increasing acetylation degree caused to decrease the studied boards of the mechanical properties and enhance their dimensional stability. Although on board with isocyanate resin, increasing dimensional stability in comparison with blank is the highest. Particleboards with isocyanate resin indicated less water absorption and thickness swelling in comparison with blanks with urea formaldehyde resin after immersing in water for 2 and 24 hours.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Ali akbar Enayati; Davood Rasooli; Hossein Usefi
Abstract
In this study, plywood manufacture with use of polypropylene as a binder has been studied. The variables were polypropylene in three levels of 80, 120 and 160 g/m2 and maleic anhydride polypropylene coupling agent in two levels of 0 and 4 g/m2 . ureformaldehyde and wheat flour were ...
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In this study, plywood manufacture with use of polypropylene as a binder has been studied. The variables were polypropylene in three levels of 80, 120 and 160 g/m2 and maleic anhydride polypropylene coupling agent in two levels of 0 and 4 g/m2 . ureformaldehyde and wheat flour were used for control samples(120 and 40 g/m2 respectively). Physical and mechanical properties including MOR and MOE (parallel and perpendicular to grain of face layers), water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of immersion in water were tested. The results showed that maleic anhydride polypropylene coupling agent has significant effect on MOR parallel to grain of face layers. With increase of maleic anhydride polypropylene coupling agent, MOR increased. Polypropylene has positive effect on thickness. With increase of maleic anhydride polypropylene coupling agent, water absorption after 24 hours improved. Although the results revealed improvement in board properties resulted from more polypropylene use but in all properties (except thickness swelling after 24 hours), control samples had better quality than plywood made from polypropylene.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Ali Khalili gasht; Reza Mirza bighi azghandi
Abstract
In this study, for optimum using of agriculture residual and high density spices with a little consumption in the particleboard, the possibility of Haloxylon sp. use of the desert regions’ of Kerman and Bagasse available in the sugar came fields of Khuzestan province was investigated. For ...
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In this study, for optimum using of agriculture residual and high density spices with a little consumption in the particleboard, the possibility of Haloxylon sp. use of the desert regions’ of Kerman and Bagasse available in the sugar came fields of Khuzestan province was investigated. For this purpose of above mentioned raw materials with differente mixture percentage and with change effective agents in uniform particleboard such as particle moisture and press time, samples were made, and then were investigated mechanical and physical properties. For assessing the physical properties such as water absorption and mechanical properties such as rupture modulus, elasticity modulus and internal bonding were used according to the ASTM D-1037 standard. Results of this study showed that with increase amounts of Haloxylon sp. to 40%, rupture modulus and elasticity modulus increased and a great amount cause these strengths decreased. Also with increasing Haloxylon sp. amount to 60%, internal bonding values of boards increased and after this amount internal bonding decreased. With increased Haloxylon to 40%, water absorption in 2 & 24 hours decreased and then increased. Uniform particleboard rupture and elasticity modulus with increasing particle moisture to12% increased and then decreased. The Internal bonding with increasing moisture decreased. Optimum amount of moisture for absorption in 2 & 24 hours was 12%. The best press time for total strength in this study was 6 minutes
Research Paper
Mechanical conversion of wood and wooden fittings
Mohssen Bahmani; Ghanbar Ebrahimi; Lyla Fathi
Abstract
Although doweled joints are vastly used in furniture frame, these are little. Information about its withdrawal strength. The intent of this study is both to obtain initial and primary information concerning the withdrawal strength of dowel pin and, as far as possible, to develop generalized expression ...
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Although doweled joints are vastly used in furniture frame, these are little. Information about its withdrawal strength. The intent of this study is both to obtain initial and primary information concerning the withdrawal strength of dowel pin and, as far as possible, to develop generalized expression to estimate its strength. In this study, the effect of dowel diameter from three levels of 6, 8 and 10 mm and two penetration depth levels of 9 and 12 mm on withdrawal strength has been investigated. The results show that the highest withdrawal strength belongs to dowel with diameter of 8 mm and penetration depth of 12mm. Based on statistical results the experimental model of has been obtained to predict withdrawal strength.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Behzad Kord
Abstract
This study is for identifying of the effect of refining intensity on pulp and paper properties made from eucalyptuswood. For this purpose three normal eucalyptus camaldulensis spp trees were randomly cut down from Shastkolateh Experimental Forest located in Gorgan. From each tree, one disk ...
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This study is for identifying of the effect of refining intensity on pulp and paper properties made from eucalyptuswood. For this purpose three normal eucalyptus camaldulensis spp trees were randomly cut down from Shastkolateh Experimental Forest located in Gorgan. From each tree, one disk with 50cm thickness from breast height were selected for pulp making. Then disks converted to chips by chipper, and the chips were cooked by kraft process, the cooking conditions were as following effective alkali 20%, sulfidity 25%, tempreture 190 0C and Time 90min. After cooking and pulping process, the pulp refined with PFI Mill in 5 different intensity with 0 rpm, 500 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2500 rpm and 3500 revelutions. Then, papermaking and measuring the paper properties such as freeness, tensile strength, tear strength, burst strength and density were done. Then data were statisticaly analysed. The results indicated that, there are significant difference between pulp and paper properties made of eucalyptus camaldulensis spp wood with 5 different refining intensity in 95% confident level. As increasing of refining intensity and refining revolutions, freeness and tear strength of paper decreased but tensile strength, burst strength and density of paper incrased. However, the highest value of freeness and tear strength of paper related to refining intensity with 0rpm revelution (without refining) and highest value of tensile strength, burst strength and density of paper related to refining intensity with 3500rpm revelution
Research Paper
Physics and anatomy
Davood Efhami; Ahmad reza Saraeyan
Abstract
In this study Populus alba native clone and Populus euramericana 476 clone trees from Gorgan University educative forest were used. Some applied anatomical and physical properties of these species were determined. Results showed that the juvenility age for both species is approximately 10 years .In both ...
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In this study Populus alba native clone and Populus euramericana 476 clone trees from Gorgan University educative forest were used. Some applied anatomical and physical properties of these species were determined. Results showed that the juvenility age for both species is approximately 10 years .In both species with increase of annual rings upto tenth ring the fiber length increase intensively. After tenth ring in P. alba this trend keep on slowly but in P. euramericana the average length of fiber decreased as increase of annual rings. With regard to the annual growth the juvenile wood percentage in the P. alba and euramericana species were 46.8% and 73.8%, respectively. Basic density of breast height in P. alba and P. euramericana species were 0.329 and 0.318 g/cm3 respectively, that increases from pith to bark. Furthermore there is significant difference between density of juvenile wood and mature wood in both species. The pattern of shrinkage in studied species had decreasing procedure from pith to bark.
Research Paper
Pulp and paper
Mohammad Talaei poor
Abstract
The effect of refining of recycled pulp on the optical, physical and mechanical properties of paper was investigated.The results showed that, except tear strength, all of mechanical strength of paper significantly increases by refining.While, by refining of recycled pulp the brightness increases but ...
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The effect of refining of recycled pulp on the optical, physical and mechanical properties of paper was investigated.The results showed that, except tear strength, all of mechanical strength of paper significantly increases by refining.While, by refining of recycled pulp the brightness increases but the opacity decreases.Also, caliper and roughness of paper decreases.Refining of recycled pulp result in increasing Porosity.
Research Paper
Composite wood products
Homayon Solymani; Abolfazl Kargarfard; Amir Nourbakhsh
Abstract
In this investigation, particleboard manufacturing has been offered considering usage of lignocellulosic residues from recision of pomegranate trees in particleboard production using pomegranate and poplar(P.nigra) wood with 4 different combination (1. 100% of pomegranate wood ...
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In this investigation, particleboard manufacturing has been offered considering usage of lignocellulosic residues from recision of pomegranate trees in particleboard production using pomegranate and poplar(P.nigra) wood with 4 different combination (1. 100% of pomegranate wood 2. 75% of pomegranate wood and 25% of poplar wood 3. 50% of pomegranate wood and 50% of poplar wood 4. 100% of poplar wood as the control sample ) and using 2 resin consumption levels UF (10 & 12 %) and 2 press time levels (4&5 min.). According to these factors, 16 combination samples were totally collected and 3 boards from each treatment totally 48 experimental sample boards were made. The result of physical and mechanical properties were analyzed using Randomized Complete Block experimental Design ( RCBD ). The result of this investigation showed that Modulus of Rupture (MOR) in boards has effectively reduced while increasing the press time. On the other hand , resin consumption content and press time have a direct impression on Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elastisity (MOE) in boards so that MOR and MOE decreased while 10% resin consumption and increasing the press time. These results also indicated that MOR and MOE of the boards have increased by adding poplar particles to the wood combination for board production. Indeed, Internal Bonding (IB) of boards has modified while 10% resin consumption and increasing the press time but IB has effectively decreased by 12% resin consumption and increasing the press time. Anyway, all the Internal Bonding average values for boards have been higher than the standard level. The results also showed that Thickness Swelling (TS) of boards has increased by adding poplar particles to the wood combination for board production.
